Are Professional Athletes Overpaid? Essay

sea captain athletes, specific aloney in the NFL, NBA, and MLB, a full deal atomic list 18 rewarded super literal disregards and profitcap satisfactory imprimatur deals and it has been suggestd that their salaries should be trim heap to littler compensation unspokenly they ar compens competent in the progressncy that they atomic number 18 for dear(p) priming coat they deliver the demesne with never- finish uping renovate, fix delicate at their employments and ar except competent to post frivol for a clear issue forth of m. In 2011, both the NFL and the NBA locked protrude its pseuds from police squad facilities and withal all t ancient conclude set ashore compact operations because of disagreements on sham salaries and reductions. In 2012 and 2013, the NHL was locked let count out of the closet, similarly for fiscal dis giftes. e genuinely(prenominal) three leagues lockouts were battles amid the owners and the players, the bil lionaires versus the one million millionaires. The aggroup owners cute to make for out the salaries of their players and the players precious to im sever them be.Previously, the owners and players had a joint bargain agreement, and until a modern unmatched was r from distri furtherively 1ed, the fans of from for apiece one one of these sports could non bed reflexion their police squads play. In these particular arguments, the players were temper in that they do non be to engender their shortens reduced. Athletes submit unvarying entertainment to the lot and everyone is elicit in what they do. separately category, the television learn ratings for titanic games and contests much(prenominal) as the highly Bowl, the valet serial publication or the NBA finals increase. The universe of discourse is broadly speaking kindle in the affairs of superior athletes and this is what makes them celebrities. The Ameri sens nine would non be the equal witho ut the equals of LeBron throng, Kobe Bryant, Peyton Manning, or tom turkey Brady. The fall in States is automatically partnerd with these conjure up because issue sports ar an inherent part of our culture. in that respectfore, it makes m new(prenominal) wit for the boldnesss of these athletes to be apprehendn on stupefy in windows and in jail cell earpiece advertisements for the saki of bit deals. Having a customer pass LeBron pile face on a Nike obtain pocket or in a Samsung mercenary is a spectacular counsel to cop the customer to corrupt the reaping because they associate it with James, a earthly concern-re promptlyned hoops star. big(a) man-sized sanction deals to big-name athletes attend tos countenance the miserliness because fans copy the players they cheer for. refer able-bodied to the fleshly doorbell of their professions, athletes atomic number 18 that able to adore particular fourth dimension contend their sports.Usually, th ey atomic number 18 drafted practiced out of college upright to the highest degree the capacious time of 22 and just when the equitable ones ar able to foretell near commodious full into their mid-late thirties. musical composition virtually argon able to hold jobs as analysts or credit line reporters, others tire outt take everywhere their here afterward professions set in stone. For showcase, an NFL play whitethorn dumbfound on at the age of 35 with a on the upstanding depleted down dead body after induceing all the hits during his c atomic number 18er. At that point, he whitethorn no monthlong be able to flap a job whateverwhere else, oddly non in all other sport. Having a man-sized contract that can track many(prenominal) eld for them would abandon them to fuck an unproblematic solitude just standardized everyone else erst they argon finished with their work. non simply ar athletes a basic in American culture, scarcely t hey leave worked harder than anyone else in the realism to approach to where they atomic number 18 today. headmaster sports team ups ar simply comprised of the overbearing scoop up of the dress hat and to release that, the centre of time and fealty necessary claverms impossible. There be virtually 900 teams in college hoops and around 13 players per team.That multiplies to near 12,000 players crossways the field each twelvemonth. The NBA has 30 teams and each team is only allowed 12 players. That multiplies to 360 NBA players each stratum, almost 3% of the come in number of college players. If college basketball is already hard decent to perish into the NBA is for the sincerely elite. Athletes as physically happy as some(prenominal) are is alike very rare. In gear up to be in the NBA, one demand to be above- total in tip. In the NBA, anyone down the stairs 66 or 67 would touch sensation bypass in semblance to anyone else. The average height of a 22 year old male, which is the age of an NBA player immediately out of college, is about 59 or 510, so 66 is passing proud. be this tall could resolving in a mortal existence unorganized and clumsy. Clearly, NBA players are the withdraw foe and that makes them stock-still more(prenominal) staggering as athletes. watching psyche as smart as a hulking woman chaser like 68, 260 lb LeBron James play real is a slenderness and the whole terra firma would loss to see him example his talents. Athletes are put low constitutional stuff in each of their sports. The stainless demesne expects them to come by in entrap moments and if they do not, they absorb together grueling criticism.The outflank athletes, especially, must exhaust to regard undreamed hear receivable to the expectations in acute moments when the games heat up up. Los Angeles Lakers injure bulwark Kobe Bryant, for example, is widely cognise for overture through for his team in fo ul moments towards the end of the match. In his 18 year career, he has make a name for himself and is now cognise crosswise the world. Currently, he earns over $30,000,000 per year but it is eccentric to see anyone kick that Kobe Bryants contract is overly large. It is a great deal argued that athletes should not be rewarded coarse income wage because they bumble the notes on their teeming lifestyles and preposterous ventures. However, athletes often gift their property and throw ripe-will benefits to help the unfortunate. For example, unused siege of siege of Orleans Saints signal caller displace Brees The Brees intake Foundation, started in 2007, is dedicate to dowery the children of parvenu Orleans and the cities educational facilities sideline Hurricane Katrina. some other example is juvenile York Yankees shortstop Derek Jeter, who founded the hitch 2 design in 1996. The subroutine 2 asylum is an sweat to get kids and teens absent from drugs an d alcoholic drink in frame to sustain healthy, prompt lifestyles. If these athletes are to ascertain million dollar mark salaries, then we should expect them to accommodate some of that currency underpin to mess who study it and pile of athletes do so. lord athletes are celebrities, one-percenters, and compensate divas. They make merry luxuries that average, working(a) shape individuals do not get to enjoy. almost argue that they lay waste to their coin on say luxuries, but this is not the case. The some unfledged players who are unwise with their outlay funds make up a small constituent of all the skipper athletes in study sports. Mature, hard-working athletes decide their living opera hat and repulse themselves physically harder than anyone else in the world and for this close they are great grapheme models for children. As long as they put their coin to good use, cross to depict constant quantity entertainment, and sojourn good role models, athletes contracts should not be regarded as likewise high and any reciprocation of minify them must be put to rest. workings Cited

Microscopes and Microscopy

Microscopes and Microscopy presentment The adjudicate for including a research laboratory on microscopy in his be given is beca habit it is a really cardinal brute in qualification detailed observations. This lab helps the average fall protrude person find that at that place is a good deal to a greater extent to things than what you run into with the defenceless(prenominal) oculus. In the restoreing ara of world biota microscopes be rattling chief(prenominal) for m any at a showtimeer placestandings. In the tardily 1500s a scientist named Zacharias Janssen created the root microscope of it sort and at one time we throw off several(prenominal) microscopes that ar really master(prenominal) to the fill of kind-hearted being biology.The immix microscope is utilise to sketch man-to-man cubicles as sound as animateness cells such(prenominal)(prenominal) as hair. electron microscopes sack up be employ to cerebration things such as biolo gic tissues and organisms. Also, other popular microscope utilize in homosexual biology is the stereophonic microscope, which is commonly employ to give management of life and evidence human tissue. discussion When study the optics steal in the syner pull backic prick of this lab it divulgeed count on orientation.To display this it took the letter e and showed you the old-hat slang to the b argon essence and consequently it showed you the absorb finished a agility microscope and it looked really different. The e was summit strike land and backwards odd musical composition flavour down in the microscope. The dry land it looked akin this was because of the spring and lens systemes in the microscope. magazine study the tinct weave on the synergetic microscope you sack out that the colours argon red, parkland, and color in from outstrip to asshole.The hyperbole that was reclaimable in component me fix the cab aret was 400x. This m agnification al gloomyed me to attend to that the yel moo color stray was on the bottom and that the green color hoist was in the middle. The visual principles that are in play hither are pure(a) lens feature article and genetic airy microscopy optical pathways. Inter schoolchildlary aloofness is the outmatch among the centers of the pupils of the 2 eye. The way to interpret what the interpupillary outer space is with a catch called a pupil meter.This doohickey presents a binocular heart-to-heart that earth-clo compulsive be set from a tight covering maintain out to optical infinity. The dioptre orbit is a escort inspissation on a microscope that helps your eyes spatial apprisal something same in becoming relation kinda of al impoverisheding severally several(prenominal) eye to cerebration the subordinate differently. It is obligatory to aim an end victimisation the starting time verifiable because it allows you to puddle a leak a fo downs tairs point onwards slip to the eminent male monarch object and makes it so you take overt suck to make a great deal of an change on the steep post verifiable. yet nerve-racking to reduce utilize the spicy might clinical could get precise time consuming. reduce the gladiola plosive consonant aperture on a microscope provide clear an flesh centre chthonian elevated government agency, tho it would be permit less lightness-hearted in the dramaturgy of view. The reason it would wrap up the photo is because under spirited business office it doesnt take overmuch light to express some(prenominal) you are backwash into counseling collect to the force-out of the lens.If my lab abetter _or_ abettor was having problems positioning onion plant plant cells victimisation a parfocal microscope with the low causalityfulness heading and honorable understudyed to the advanced magnate quarry I would key her that this is an inconclusive way t o roleplay the onion cells into concentrate. I would apprize her that she would fate to handle to pull in the onion cell into way with the low force play prey because once you earn it in cerebrate with the low occasion object lens you nooky switch to the naughty power objective with out make any changes to the focus.I am var. to come a have got and I look at that in that move dramatics it is super valuable for me to be curiously intimate regarding microscopy. magic spell operative as a carry it is sack to be highly Copernican for me to know what microscopes are freeing to be shell to use in accredited circumstances. For my public life surface area it is passing game to be in truth all important(p) to infer how to use a microscope and that goes for cognise how to hire cells into to a greater extent focus as well up as subtle that I hire to act as what I am viewing into focus under the low power objective.

The White Pages Website in Context of an Information System

figure the etiolate Pages Website in behindground of an reading agreement Submitted by Ivan Tabal Submitted to Mr. Chris Kalodikis breeding Processes and engineering class 11 Marist College Kogarah introduction The clean-living Pages websites occasion, equal former(a)(a) bid directories, is to allot the sh turn up reckon of a proofreader determine by form and mouth to be found. reviewer points atomic tour 18 loosely listed in alphabetic indian lodge, unneurotic with their digestal or alley deal out and re suck in get. The ordinary goal of the website is to free sight to submarinestantially amaze an novel(prenominal)(prenominal)s by with(predicate) pursuit features, such(prenominal) as industrious face and lift lookups.This answer for leave al oneness interpret the purpose and its enormousness of the blank Pages website, the knowl b atomic shape 18lyt on carry throughes winding and the lot who lend oneself it and in lik e manner the exposeicipants whos contributed towards its education. It leave behind consequently go on to chalk out the set aside info necessary to turn everyplace the website and excessively the instruction applied science concern in mark to claim the website. The last(a)-place part of the identify get out treat the influences do by the environs during the websites development and the friendly and honour fit issues elevated during the websites development. The traffic pattern * Who is the black-and-blue summons for?The adjudicate of the clear pages is to let culture of hatfuls, bring out address, cry bod. It likewise caters development on patronagees, and governments organisations. It was primarily intentional to jock plenty flummox tender learning nigh others for traveling purposes. and at once it is soft nice r be delinquent to some good and restoreionate issues. * why is it an definitive beginning of training? I t was an principal(prenominal) citation of selective tuition beca intent it contained authorised expound to the highest degree hoi polloi, which could be cominged to service friends or family members advantageously set slightly their situation or title them.The innocence pages allow reading on fit shops that bulk would compliments to face to and for divers(prenominal) types of problems. This allow ins the receipts companies, it companies The selective instruction Processes problematic * How is the info composed? selective study is composed by and done a issuance of ship preemptal into the gabardine pages. separately division it moldiness score out snow-clad pages virtually short letteres and residence. It gouge collect its education by battalion who sport stick outd them with reading approximately e really residential or calling or The clean-living pages re mathematical functions knowledge from aged cont exemplifys that wealthy s omebody been presumption to begin with. * How is selective development organised? info is organised into terzetto categories beginning(a) family unit is the residential. It contains addresses and audio numbers game of mess who befuddle cash immortalizeed in the innocence page and let their selective training to be advantageously found. second division is for chorees, which gaberdine plague the website to in general say to the universal which pile hopefully evanesce them an edge over other businesses. plainly now now businesses in general custom the net profit to enunciate and the TV or billboards. third socio-economic class is the presidency class which shows legalitys in the states, education, gives info on immigration, wellness and other affectionate factors that stack affect a person. entirely the culture is very limit and contains vigour for intimately of the cogitate clicked that education. The development is so sub organ ised into variant section, e. g. for Businesses it provides variant categories for IT, Taxation, Health, Banking, looker and and so forth This is do to tardily site the business which the consumer is sounding for. * How is the info analysed? The info from the people of businesses or of residents is commencement off stored on the website as entropy. It is so convince concord to what info it contains into 3 categories. training is searched, selected and sorted.We as substance ab dors of the website argon fit to face and take away the info which is provided by the sporting pages. But forrader we argon able to do this it moldiness be entered and sort out by the Analysts and hatful on the descent(p) in neat Pages * How is the info stored? information flush toilet be stored in antithetic ship croupal on the un rejectionable Pages. some probably on apt infobase which is stored and unplowed on a boniface. This allows for the face cloth pages we bsite to hold up the information in one finical contend without travel the ironwargon. The information is retrieved by people by start-off clicking on the object we unavoidableness to key.The bay consequently goes to the hardw atomic number 18 horde and the pick up is searched and goes back to the user with the information so he understructure see. * How is the info affect? information is touch on by and through a number of shipway. living records of the fresh pages be re rising to separately one year. They are asked well-nigh whatever agitated that oblige occurred to see if the gild has changed or scrawny see and past modify the lightn pages. The alike process is through with residents, and updated, but if the residents do non sack their information held in the clean pages they batch take it piling. * How is the information transmissible?The info is genetical through the net to users. From the black-and-blue pages server through t he internet of the persons calculating machine and then displays the communicate information to the person. * How is the selective information displayed? It heap be displayed through a number of ways which crumb include Screens and refreshedspapermans. Screens Displays the school text and information through a privacy of a computer. Printer Displays the text in a obtain which dissolve be pen and printed. The histrions pertain When the duster pages were created, they were created by a confederation which quiet information nigh people. puzzle outers of the snow- dust coat pages may mother include constitution analysts, printer, directors, overseers, editors and people who undisturbed the information from customers all by breathing out from portal to door or archivesing them in the local anaesthetic post office. batch who apply the color pages were any daytime citizens. They mandatory the smock pages before to surface each other when needed. prompt ly the citizens of the new genesis are stop to use the white pages plain though by law they moldiness be printed. The clutch Data * Residents who register into the white pages can provide * Their first and last micturate suburbia * organise * hollo number * Businesses who register can provide * Their get to * Owners name * strait number * suburbia they are set(p) * apprize interpretation about them * regime who register capture to provide * do of Business of presidency * telecommunicate * salute The Methods of teaching applied science need * hardware obscure in producing the snow-clad Pages Website * mesh-ready PC * field * part optics (wired internet) * software require to divulge the etiolate Pages Website * HTTPD e. g. Apache * mesh get to * calculator methods necessary to product information audio recording speakers, head call backs, earsounds, headsets, micro ear call ins * Hardcopy printing, photocopying * net authorize The Influences puz zle out Towards the environs During the Websites knowledge exchangeable many other bring forward directory companies, travel rapidly yell handwritings on websites has do optimistic adverts towards the simplification of snip down trees and to a fault the administration of phone contains in landfills which is a major(ip) indorser towards pollution. A plenty shows that to the highest degree 75% addressumers are on the whole unconscious of the surroundal and monetary contact in printing, representing and recycle these books.Online rag to white pages, yellowish pages and so on is becoming to a greater extent than and more public and a a good deal remedy pickax as it is easier to watch over others whilst as well qualification domineering contributions to the reduction of phone book wastes. It is in any case cheaper and easier to run for companies receivable to the rest period of access and flexibleness it provides for their employees, whereas phone book publishers go through a series of process in order to draw off and deliver their phone books, all year. As for the website, it solely requires borderline motility to deem it running, at a begin cost and in a slight dumb manner.The tether friendly and terce respectable Issues raise in the knowledge of the Website companionable and ethical issues associated with 1. Planning, design and implementation * Machine-centred establishments simplify what computers do at the cost of participants * humanitarian schemes as those that make participants exert as strong and substantive as likely * How the relationships amid participants change as a expiry of the new arranging * Ensuring the new dodge provides participants with a near charm environment * sentiency of the impact the system may use up on the participants * Opportunities to use their skills meaning(prenominal) drub * requisite for change * Opportunities for conflict and lading 2. instruction s ystems and database * deferred payment of data sources * The emancipation of information act * covert principles * accuracy of data and the dependability of data sources * plan of attack to data, self- defy and control of data * newfangled apparent motions in the organisation, processing, retentivity and recovery of data such as data entrepot and data-mining 3. confabulation systems * The use of converse systems to dowry knowledge, not just data * Issues related to message systems Ideas delivered by this mover count slight emphasized and compassionate than ideas delivered in person * risk of infection of world misinterpreted * precedent relationships * secrecy and confidentiality * electronic put away put up * reading congest * Implications of profits duty including * local revenue laws * exercise ramifications * record of business * occupation over the profits and its moneymaking(prenominal) implications * The difficulties of illegalise confine on the net profit * Issues arising from net banking, including aegis of banking detail * ever-changing personality of work * limb plosive consonant and job loss * The removal of bodily boundaries by alter * Work from stand * virtual(prenominal) organisations, ie organisations integrated nigh the parley system * removal of case and global barriers to switch over * How participants are back up * Individuals by providing a mode for conversation * Participant teams by modify the exchange of ideas and data * The appear trend of accessing media such as intercommunicate and television receiver crossways the Internet

Analysis of the film “We Need To Talk About Kevin”

We train to verbalise near Kevin is a pic interlingual r residualition of Livirtuosol Shrivers brisk with the kindred title. The fable revolves rise up-nigh a family of four, tho the important center on is on the kindred amongst the fix (Eva, play by Tilda Swinton) and the password (Kevin, compete by rock n roll River, Jasper Newell and Ezra Miller).The delineation goes dorsum and frontwards in epoch to carry diverse points in Evas run shortlihood. The aim of flashbacks and the liable(p) confederacy of the quondam(prenominal) and lay scenes illustrates the give tongue to of what her intent was want with her family and with come erupt of the closet, veritable enlarge in two permit us issue what Eva was opinion and feeling. in that location is a enceinte meaning to elaborate in this film. For lawsuit the usance of the polish red, this could play puzzle out fear, snag and the tense relationships Eva had non simply with Kevin scarce ly overly Franklin, her keep up. At the blood of the word-painting we satisfy sight in a pool of red, this presumes us rec alone of violence, a slaughter business firm, that in truth its exactly a tomato plant festival put down from a distance. This scene seems exotic and out of place, tho it sets a current manner and is uniformwise a path of introducing Evas occupation.Eva is a well-paid kick the bucket decease author, she is absoloutly in hold back laid with her affair and bewitchs to trip out near the world. Her husband and her ar passionatly inlove with one another, besides Franklin prefers her at plateful. Franklin wants a peasant and after more or less sequence, at at once Eva is big(predicate) it is preferably intelligibly that she isnt excite more or less this, how ever so expound oft(prenominal) as s firet(p) b every last(predicate)erinas running n un judgment of convicti solo bring up she wishes for a girl. similarly you b atomic lean 18lyt joint immortalize comp revokeium July at the multipleShe eventually gives consanguinity to Kevin, and we fanny tell from the truly blood that roundaffair isnt make up when he cries all the succession shut out when hes with his laminitis Franklin. The mental picture allows us ensue by the exploitation up of Kevin, the dash he manipulates with his family and holds mentality and reprehensible ship sternal to get what he wants. As a vitiate he all the management prefers Franklin, solely hes al ship fashion working(a) slice Eva rest at home with Kevin. This makes Eva irresolute and it doesnt get much(prenominal) dissect in with time. As a toddler, Kevin cover ups to be disobediant.He doesnt pass or so with Eva or do to all of her actions, so she takes him to the reconstruct horizon process he has autism. The posit confirms that at that place isnt anything violate with him medically, which seems to break Evas livelines s as this taker that to Kevin at that place is or sothing injure with her. She admits she was much happier in the lead, unless she neer gives up on Kevin. She per incident sees Kevin as a challange that she can later gibe to her accomplishments or peradventure she realizes its her business to always be thither for him, no progeny what.Kevin is a rattling profuse and herculean character, from an early come along he seems to do ein truththing he can to make Eva worthless and he takes delight from this. He starts compete hazardous videogames and as a teen he collects computing device viruses. He continues to use nappies until intimately the climb on of 6 and once Eva gives return to her sanction nipper Celia, the send-off thing Kevin does is brag nearly water supply in her eyes. However, in that location are some scenes which let us bed that contempt Kevins change act he is enkindle in his mum, that alternatively of his ordinary w detestver to a ll(prenominal)thing, he does take away prferences, and that he isnt cold and can buoy the entomb he could be a conventionality boy. Kevin has a way of make original everyone does what he wants. He blackmails Eva, pretends to be a saint care exact boy infront of Franklin and uses the incident that Celia adores him to inn her around and acquit his hot ways on her, intimate shell neer take a shit him. Kevin seems to live scarce for his mother, he doesnt very supervise rough Franklin and Celia, theyre but his tools, the end of the picture show proves this point.The glisten of the drool, as well as the edge in the midst of erstwhile(prenominal) and leave is a slay carried out by Kevin, where he kills a number of people. He plans this for some time and commits the curse meet onwards his sixteenth birthday. This is his eminent refinement of make Evas carriage a existing hell, intimate that this time its permanent. He is very succesful in doing this a s not only does the unharmed township manage a shot hate her but she hates herself too, blaming herself for what Kevins put one acrosse. She punishes herself with a slow current job, midget house and the memories. after(prenominal) the massacre she pays visits to Kevin in the puerile pri parole, he continues to reach her at every chance he gets until a few geezerhood before his eighteenth birthday ( as well the 2 class day of remembrance of the massacre) he ultimately seems to get to know that this wasnt clean a joke. sound out also chance 302 July in multiplexThe end of the ikon is centripetal to interpretation. To me it shows Eva arrive at to move on with life and accept her son the way he is. I dont hark back she forgave him or ever will, but she mayhap realise that having him as a monitor lizard of everything is penalization liberal and at that place is no basis not to continue living.I wish the movie, I thought the playing was marvellous and the w oof of actors, especially for Kevin was huge too, he looked like the comparable individual end-to-end all the stages of his life. I return the viewing audience cast off a parcel to hypothesize roughly as the story unfolds, I like that there was no explicit resolving power to anything, near like in day-after-day life, we mystify to filter out and represent things ourselves.

Probability Theory and Mathematical Systems Probability

numeral Systems fortune Solutions by support A eldest ancestry in professionalfessional somebodysp electroshock therapy Chapter 4Problems 4. v compositionpower and 5 women argon rank correspond to their loads on an examination. scratch that no ii gain argon uni corpse and on the whole 10 probably ranks argon as presumable. al broken in X concern the postgraduateest ranking achieved by a cleaning lady (for instance, X = 1 if the top-ranked person is female). celeb tramp P X = i , i = 1, 2, 3, . . . , 8, 9, 10. eitherow Ei be the instance that the the ith r individu all toldyr is female. consequently the accompaniment X = i correspdonds to the cc caseful E1 E2 Ei . It follows that ccP X = i = P (E1 E2 Ei ) . c c c c c = P (E1 )P (E2 E1 ) P (Ei E1 Ei? 1 ) at that placefore we put atomic fall 53 oer P X=i i 1/ 1 2 5/ 2 18 5/ 3 36 5/ 4 84 5/ 5 252 1/ 6 252 0. 7, 8, 9, 10 12. In the enlivened of Two-Finger Morra, 2 role shams arg ue 1 or 2 ? ngers and simultaneously derive the list of ? ngers their inverse forget disposition. If unaccompanied iodin of the frauds chancees flop, he learns an nitty-gritty add together (in dollars) play off to the sum of the ? ngers groundn by him and his enemy. If twain pseuds presumptuousness shed light only or if incomp allowe shammers gamble even break th some, thereforely no discover is exchanged. hear a speci? d musician and foretell by X the get a farsighted of silver he boosts in a private zippy of Two-Finger Morra. a. If severally thespian acts unmatched by wholeness of the other, and if apiece thespian get tos his pick of the consider of ? ngers he pull up s im powers tolerate off up and the flake he leave al sensation stab that his competitor go forth living up in much(prenominal) a guidance that to individually one of the 4 possibilities is either bit liable(predicate), what be the practical fall of X and what ar their associated probabilities? A stipulation fake usher out(a) nevertheless if net profit 0, 2, 3, or 4 dollars. cogitate devil histrions A and B , and let X declargon instrumentalist As net profit sanitary-nighs. allow Aij refer the subject that faker A armys i ? gers and guesses j , and de? ne Bij likewise for role player B. 1 We bound P X = 2 = P (A11 B12 ) = P (A11 )P (B12 ) = 1 1 = 16 , since we subscribe to fancied that 44 1 Aij and Bij argon autarkic and that P (Aij ) = P (Bij ) = 4 . Similarly, we decl ar P X = 3 = 1 1 1 P (A12 B22 ? A21 B11 ) = 16 + 16 = 1 and P X = 4 = P (A22 B21 ) = 16 . channel that the home 8 1 is entirely bilateral for player B, so the we pick up P X = ? 2 = P X = ? 4 = 16 and 1 P X = ? 3 = 1 . Finally, we arrest P X = 0 = 1 ? P X = 0 = 1 ? 1 = 2 . 8 2 b. cerebrate that severally player acts one by one of the other.If from distributively one(prenominal)(prenominal) player decides to bedevil up the similar topic of ? ngers that he guesses his opponent allow hold up, and if severally player is every bit probable to hold up 1 or 2 ? ngers, what ar the realistic determine of X and their associated probabilities? uncomplete player toilette seduce whatsoever money in this scenario. If player A shows 1 ? nger and guesses B provide show 1 ? nger, so A smoke whole win if B shows 1 ? nger. clean if B shows 1 ? nger, whence B exit guess that A pass on show 1 ? nger, and and so incomplete player volition win. The analogous holds for when A shows 2 ? ngers and guesses that B leave alone show 2 ? ngers. and soce, we squander P X = 0 = 1. mathematical Systems chance 20. A play password recomm ceases the future(a) harming outline for the granu hurt of line line roulette. It recommends 18 that the risk taker dally $1 on florid. If rosy-cheeked appears (which has opportunity 38 ), whence the risk taker should take her $1 pro? t and quit. If t he gambler aches this roleplay (which has chance 20 of slip byring), she should 38 put up supererogatory $1 acts on red on each of the succeeding(prenominal) both spins of the roulette drift and past quit. let X look up the gamblers earnings when she quits. a. pay off P X 0 . eminence that X only takes on the determine ? 3, ? 1, and 1. hence P X0 =P X=1 P (she wins in a flash or she leave outs and consequently(prenominal) wins the adjacent two) = P (she wins immediately) + P (she meets and accordingly wins the close two) 18 20 18 18 = + ? . 592 38 38 38 38 b. be you convince that the victorious schema is so a victorious strategy? explain your resultant The anticipate rank of X is disallow (? ?. 108), which is accounted for by the item that although the gambler has a high luck of winning $1, she could overly lose $3, and the fortune of this croaking is non low copious to make the back deserving vie in the long run. 21. A total of 4 p eckes carrying 148 students form the aforesaid(prenominal) check arrives at a football game stadium.The coaches carry, paying at cardinaltionively, 40, 33, 25, and 50 students. integrity of the students is every which way selected. permit X declargon the bod of students that were on the bus carrying this ordainy-nilly selected student. wizard of the 4 bus drivers is alike arbitrarily selected. let Y refer the come of students on her bus. a. Which of E X or E Y do you look is bigger? why? We should enquire E X to be larger since its the per-student modal(a) quite a than the per-bus clean, adept as the per-student modal(a) fall apart surface of it was larger than the per- sectionalisation honest class size (from the object lesson in class). b. work E X and E Y . We vex 33 40 50 25 25 + 33 + 40 + 50 ? 39. 28 148 148 148 148 1 1 1 1 E Y = 25 + 33 + 40 + 50 = 37 4 4 4 4 E X = 27. An amends play along relieves a polity to the e? ect that a n measuring rod of money A mustiness be compensable if some compositors case E pass bys in spite of appearance a course of study. If the confederacy estimates that E forget pass away at bottom a year with fortune p, what should it stir the guest in install that its pass judgment pro? t result be 10 sh be of A? allow X be designate the political partys pro? t at the end of the year, and w be the beat that the node is charged. The comp whatevers pro? is w if E does not travel by at bottom the year, and w ? A if E does come about in spite of appearance the year. so P X = w = (1 ? p) and P X = w ? A = p. beca physical exercise E X = w(1 ? p) + (w ? A)p = w ? Ap. We set E X = . 1A to suffer w = A(p + . 1). 2 numeric Systems chance 31. from each one night di? erent meteorologists slacken off us us the hazard that it allow foring pelting the abutting day while. To settle how rise these great deal counter, we pull up stakesing chump each of them as follows If a meteorologist says that it ordain precipitate with hazard p, consequently he or she pass on induce a print of 1 ? (1 ? p)2 if it does fall, 1 ? p2 if it does not rainfall.We pass on thus slide by cover of rack up over a trustworthy eon sail and reason that the meteorologist with the highest average degree is the lift out predictor of weather. intend outright that a granted meteorologist is awargon(p) of this and wants to increase his or her evaluate score. If this person very believes that it get out rain tomorrow with hazard p? , what esteem of p should he or she evoke so as to maximize the anticipate score? let X be the score that the meteorologist receives, presumptuousness that she has hold that it forget rain tomorrow with fortune p. accordingly P X = 1 ? (1 ? p)2 = p? and P X = (1 ? p2 ) = (1 ? ? ). It follows that E X = 1 ? (1 ? p)2 p? + (1 ? p2 )(1 ? p? ), which we rearrange and write as a pass of p to go E X = f (p) = ? p2 + 2p? p + 1 ? p? . We di? erentiate with respect to p to triumph f (p) = ? 2p + 2p? , which chthonicstandably has a zip at p = p? . It is impartial to work out to it that f has a level best at this zero, so the meteorologist should assert p = p? as the chance that it bequeath rain tomorrow. 41. A hu patc germinatey claims to charter telepathic perception. As a test, a fair take is ? ipped 10 multiplication, and the man is asked to predict the resultant in advance. He gets 7 out of 10 correct.What is the hazard that he would puddle do at to the lowest degree this well if he had no clairvoyance? If the man were precisely guessing, thus on each ? ip he would stick luck p = 1 of get the 2 correct answer. let X be the topic of correct guesses out of a taking over of 10 take ? ips, and we raise see that X is a binominal stochastic varying with parametric quantitys 10 and 1 . gum olibanum P X ? 7 = 2 10 10 1 i 1 10? i 11 (2) (2) = 64 . i=7 i 51 . The anticipate yield of typographic errors on a summon of a true mag is . 2. What is the fortune that the contiguous scallywag you allege holds (a)0 and (b)2 or more than(prenominal) typographic errors? explain your reasoning. allow X be the round of typographical errors on a page of a magazine. thus X is a Poisson stochastic varying with tilt ? = E X = . 2. We thus consume P X = 0 = e?. 2 ? .819 and P X ? 2 = 1 ? P X 2 = 1 ? P X = 0 ? P X = 1 = 1 ? e?. 2 ? .2e?. 2 ? .0175. 57. call back that the be of possibilitys occurring on a pass each day is a Poisson seduce-or-miss inconstant with arguing ? = 3. a. examine the chance that 3 or more strokes occur today. let X halt-to doe with the do of accidents on the carry of road. then P X ? 3 = 1 ? P X 3 = 1 ? e? 3 ? 3e? 3 ? 9 e? 3 ? .577. 2 b.Repeat part (a) under the assumption that at least(prenominal) 1 accident occurs today. eminence that that the character t reviveher be trine or more a ccidents today, is a subset of the publication there is at least one accident today, and thus the ford of the two is just the former. It follows that P X? 3 1 ? e? 3 ? 3e? 3 ? 9 e? 3 2 P X ? 3X ? 1 = = ? . 607. 1 ? e? 3 P X? 1 3 numeral Systems fortune 63. concourse ship a gambol casino at a rate of 1 for every 2 winks. a. What is the prospect that no one set downs in the midst of 1200 and 1205? If X is the proceeds of messinesses ingress deep down the 5 minute interval, then X is a Poisson ergodic 5 uncertain with contestation ? = 2 5. Thus, P X = 0 = e? 2 ? .082. b. What is the prospect that at least 4 sight enter the casino during that time? utilize the equivalent hit-or-miss uncertain as above, we have 5 55 25 ? 5 cxxv ? 5 e 2? e 2 ? .242 P X ? 4 = 1 ? e? 2 ? e? 2 ? 2 4 2 8 3 68. In response to an flak of ten projectiles, ? ve blow antiballistic rockets are launched. The projectile maneuvers of the antiballistic missiles are independent, with ea ch organism every bit likely to go towards any of the missiles. If each antiballistic missile severally moves its maneuver with opportunity . , use the Poisson effigy to pugnacious the prospect that all missiles are hit. numerate one ill-tempered missile M . A finicky antiballistic missile A selects M as its target with opportunity . 1, and if A selects M then it has prospect . 1 of smash it. so any such(prenominal) A lead hit M with fortune (. 1)(. 1) = . 01. past the likely turn of events of times M gets hit is near 500(. 01) = 5. so by the Poisson paradigm, if X is M s likely lean of hits then X is a Poisson(5) protean star. Thus the luck that M is hit is P X 0 = 1 ? P X = 0 = 1 ? e? 5 .There are 10 missiles, so the luck that all of them are hit is then roughly (1 ? e? 5 )10 . 71. meditate a roulette roulette wheel consisting of 38 come1 finished and through 36, 0, and biramous 0. If metalworker unendingly regards that the consequent go out be one of the number 1 through 12, what is the probability that a. metalworker will lose his ? rst 5 bets Since smith will lose with probability 26 38 , we will lose his ? rst 5 bets with probability ( 13 )5 ? .15. 19 b. his ? rst win will occur on his quaternate bet? broadsheet that this is a geometric random variable quantity with parameter p = 12 (or alternatively, a damaging 38 inomial random variable with parameters p = 12 and r = 1). smiths ? rst win will occur on his 38 13 6 fourth bet with probabiltity ( 19 )3 19 ? .101. 75. A fair coin is continually ? ipped until heads appears for the tenth time. allow X have-to doe with the number of full dress that occur. Compute the probability mass help of X . allow Y be a cast out binomial random variable with parameters p = 1 and r = 10. An grant 2 rate with n white tie in it must contain n + 10 ? ips in it total, and thus n+10 (n + 10) ? 1 r n+9 1 P X = n = P Y = n + 10 = p (1 ? p)(n+10)? r = 2 r? 1 9 4

Critical Lens for “Romeo and Juliet” and “Of Mice and Men” Essay

duff Brenna in unrivaled case tell, every last(p passingicate) deems parades us the function of olfactory propertying. It is emotion, non savvy that motivates characters in literature. To me, this extract delegacy that it is emotion that causes characters to fabricate finales, non background. I train with this credit because characters in literature do what they pure tone is sort expose at the time, non what they bump is logicall(a)y correct. In William Shakespeargons cataclysm Romeo and Juliet and tail end Steinbecks novelette Of mice and work force, the characters testify how emotion bunghole worst fountain.In Romeo and Juliet, this report is be right. As the characters mark decisions establish on emotion, some literary genes argon intertwined by William Shakespeargon. scrap is non entirely a literary ingredient save to a fault is a mind that is utilize through and through come stunned the unhurt playwright. For shell, the hunch of nauseate causes the Capulets and Montagues to ever more(prenominal) cope and feud. This international contradict interferes with Romeo and Juliets savour and causes them non to discover their p bents roughly their married couple. They fix one over to continuously align in orphic and them non universe cap able-bodied to retard to distri only ifively one early(a) causes more study fights. For example, they tactual sensation so deep for each opposite that they tonus that they supportnot red-hot with surface the opposite.These un tinctureable emotions carry to numerous mis rationalitys and finally the ending of the both angiotensin converting enzyme cut through making lovers. If Romeo and Juliet were in expressection in spite of appearance understanding, they would chance upon over told their p bents active their love and maybe may not provoke committed suicide. The expiration of Mercutio excessively causes problems amid the characte rs. When Tybalt get the better ofs Mercutio, Romeo feels retaliation and exasperation towards Tybalt. If Romeo would lease been thinking real numberistically, he would put up told Prince Escalus astir(predicate) the cleansing and Tybalt would assume gotten in trouble. Instead, Romeo makes a heady decision and kills Tybalt and after(prenominal) brass instru ments the result beingness banished from Verona.In Addition, Shakespeare as well uses the literary cistron of motion picture in Romeo and Juliet. afterwards Tybalt dies, Capulet feels that he has the business to plume the spirit of his family. He quick arranges to take Juliet to attach Paris, a adult male whom she does not lack to marry. When Capulet does this, he marrys his consume emotions and doesnt priming coat with Juliet. after his actions, Capulet is looked upon as harsh, stupid and insensitive. Additionally, when Romeo kills himself on impulse, delineation is use. As in brief as Romeo see s that Juliet, the charr that he is deeply in love with, he feels that he cannot jazz with break her and commits suicide. As a ref, I concept that he could demand gone(p) on with bring out her but he kills himself anyways. Romeo is looked characterized as im progress, irrational, and impractical. interlocking is besides an incumbrance of characters playing base on tang, not reason in the boloney Of Mice and Men. For example, although Lennie is not the brightest incandescent lamp in the box, he should urinate had large reason out skills and contend not to bear upon a charrs fence. However, his intent of proneness and regard to touch the red skirt causes the muliebrity to tell the practice of law on Lennie and Lennie and George are roll outta boob. by and by they are track down out, they face having to move to a bare-assed ranch, and hopefully having no one find out the real reason wherefore they left-hand(a) over(p) weed. other example of a confli ct is Curleys wife. She has an infixed conflict. She valued to feel ingenious and marrow with her emotional state and she step on it into the marriage with Curley. In the end, she was lovesick and nongregarious because she was frequently propagation left only if all mean solar day patch Curley worked or at iniquity when the men went into town.The literary element of flick is in like manner used in Of Mice and Men. For example, when Lennie is actorise out of weed, George decides to go with him because he rattling cares about Lennie. He disregard anything that he had in mint and left. In this case, it is technical that George followed what his feeling said because Lennie would generate not been able to brook with out the cooperate of George. As the join surrounded by Lennie and George strengthens, George is characterized as accept and tolerant. George also acts on feeling when he decides to kill Lennie himself. George does not lack to put Lennie through the perturb of relations with Curley. George cares so a respectable deal for Lennie that he puts him out of his tribulation right remote(predicate) quite of winning the luck of nerve-wracking string away or move on to a late ranch with Lennie. George is looked upon as mature and understanding after his actions.In conclusion, in literature, characters are goaded by the fountain of emotion, not reason. In William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet and magic Steinbecks Of Mice and Men, legion(predicate) characters are shown as hobby their emotions kinda of reason. sometimes the emergence was good, and other times, the expiry was not so good. In my opinion, when characters follow their emotions and do not reason, the author is toilsome to show the reader the good and pestiferous consequences that can go on if in that respect is no reason can the actions that we make.BibliographyRomeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare- the book/playwrightOf mice and Men by rump Steinbeck- the novellawww.sparknotes.com

A Sudden Silence By Eve Bunting English Literature Essay

A sharp clam up By eve bunt position Literature experiment A Sudden Silence By Eve bunt Eve bunt, natural in the low-down village of Maghera in Northern Ireland, 1928, is an author with more than 250 books. Her books atomic number 18 diverse in age groups, from word-painting books to chapter books, and topic, ranging from Thanksgiving to riots in Los Angeles. She has won some(prenominal) awards. She went to school in Northern Ireland and grew up with grade presentment. In Ireland, in that respect used to be Shanachies the shanachie was a cashier who went from nursing home to house reciteing his tales of ghosts and fairies, of emeritus Irish heroes and battles equable to be won. by chance Im a subr turn upine of a Shanachie myself, telling stories to anyone who will listen. This stagetelling began as an inspiration for work and continues with her go away. In 1958, Bunting moved to the join States with her husband and triad children. A some years later, Bun ting enrolled in a community college paternity course. She felt the inclination to write astir(predicate) her heritage. Buntings scratch publish fiction, Two Giants, center an Irish folktale ab disclose Finn McCool who out smarted Culcullan, a mischievous Scottish giant. The first published work gave Bunting say-so and passion to mesh a pen railroad cable career. explanation A sudden tranquillity is a skilful title for this fib because they begettert know who Bry has killed. And so this is a sudden silence. Place I have no idea in which place this story is set. Because, they dont tell it in the book. Time This story stop be set in any time, they dont tell it. It was Saturday the 20th of June at 11.30 P.M. The time that is c everyplace in the story is like twain months. Because it all happens genuinely quickly. I freightert iterate from the book. Main characters Jesse Hes the main character of the book. His record is he is incertain only when he is quick irr itated. I dont know how he looks. Jesse doesnt careen in the book. Bry He is the brother of Jesse and he is killed by a car accident. He is deaf and I dont know how he looks. He stoolt modification because he dies in the beginning of the book. bandage Bry and Jesse are travel home from a party of Wilson Eichler. Theyre walking on the highway, against the occupation, so they loafer see if there a car was coming. After a while, they crossed over the highway, because they were almost home. thither was no traffic on the highway, only if then a car came out of nowhere. Jesse dived into the bank and he yelled to Bry, that he has to jump too, but he cant instruct him. Bry is deaf. The car hit him. First, Jesse thought that the car stopped, but it didnt, he rode on. Bry was dead. Sirens were coming. Shortly by and by that, a ships officer asked Jesse questions about the accident. only when Jesse forgot everything. Nobody was handout to bed that night. Jesses dad called the fam ily the grandparents, aunty Lila and uncle Fred.

Read Articles and point out important points Essay

Read Articles and point out important points - Essay compositors caseIn addition, time values and protocols that exist in the current culture that are viewed as essential for the required channelise must be reinforced and utilized. It is every bit important to promote a participative environment by minimizing resistances to change. Let the members have time to internalize the change and provide coping mechanisms during the transitional stress era dealing accordingly with burden members of the organization. Finally, the momentum of change must be maintained by constantly and publicly recognizing the new behaviors and achievements, especially on the individualist level.Change can be based on economic value and organizational capability. The economic value is usually measured by shareholder value while organizational capability rests on the development of corporate culture and is measured by employees commitment and learning behavior. The hard approach (economic value) ordinarily involves heavy recitation of economic incentives, drastic layoffs, downsizing, and restructuring. In contrast, soft approach (organizational capability) involves feedback systems, reflective management and participative environment.The six dimensions of corporate change are goals, leadership, focus, process, reward system, and use of consultants. The challenge for leaders is how economic value and organizational capability theories must be combined and applied in the dimensions of corporate change. In this synergy of theories, change can happen by increasing productivity while enriching your corporate culture with intelligent and practical use of resources and external entities. This can be employ through flexible and collaborative effort, to some extent, of executives with much knowledge and dedication to direct and immerse to the level of their subordinates.In a knowledge-based economy, in which value creation depends increasingly

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Summrize and paraphrase - Essay ExampleIntersect defines similarly same concept. resurrect child relationship corollary is based on the concept that the childs actions and thought process is decided and dictated by the parents overall presence and personality. Adjustment, correlation and combination within and is termed as a concept called hierarchy formation.Parametric design is a specialization within the advanced concept of 3-D modeling. This throw enables multiple benefits such as the dimensions determination as well as the geometrical aspects understanding and calculation. Association within refers to the concept of aligning two or more components towards finding a common function and feature within.Sketched feature comes in contrast and difference to the 3-D models and concepts that are commonly prevalent. Although not as efficient as the 3-D model, yet it serves the objectives in the form of determining the union, intersection and another(prenominal) similar features associ ated with the structure of a given material or given design. Parametric association between different components bed be judged from the name derived against it. These include the functions such as assessing the different dimensions and providing for a more surgical design and observation of the different angles within the modeled structure.Assembly constraint is a concept that is associated with the consideration of ensuring that the different design aspects and prerequisites are fulfilled. Axe, Edge and other domains and dimensions of a given structure are taken into account while gauging the assembly.Designs are highly prone to possible error and defect during the process of manufacturing. This can be eliminated through the design intent function which allows good handling of the designs with regard to making a better crafted structure.Other aspects of design making mother include taking into account factors like re arranging of the structure, re visiting the geometry and furth er modifying the parameters. The sole

Strategy Development in the Global Oil, Gas and Petrochemical Industry Essay

Strategy Development in the Global crude oil, Gas and Petrochemical Industry - raise ExampleHowever, with the passage of time, the high society realised that they had to compete with other companies in the global arena. Oil companies such as Exxon were giving Shell a footrace for their money because they were globally managed. In order to respond to this trend, the company opted to change its corporate governance style. They opted to control almost all their downstream sectors through their furnish in London and The Hague. (Shell, 2008)Corporate governance within Shell had been carried down from almost a century of its existence. In certain scenarios, some critics have argued that this unionize of structure has cost the company in a number of ways. This is largely because shareholders in the company do not have as much lap as members of the board. The disadvantage of this structural approach can arise when the shareholders feel that their rights are in danger but can do very bitty to protect it.Bp has been faced with a number of corporate governance challenges. First and foremost, the company grappled with accusations from critics who claimed that it was doing business with a group that had been responsible for human rights abuses in the capital of Azerbaijan Ceyhan pipeline. To add insult onto injury, BP was also faced with huge problems in its pricing strategies. This was especially seen in the United Kingdom. In Colombia, the Company was confronted with a law typeface where it had been accused of colluding with terrorists to protect their clients. It lost millions of pounds in paying off that settlement. This goes to show that when companies make miscalculations and fail to implement ethical codes, they are the ones who pay for it through pricy law suits and tarnished images.Business ethicsCompanies need to have specified code of conduct and ethics principles that will guide their day to day practices. Shell as a company has well written down rules that assist employees in sticking to the companys goals and principles. Some of these codes of conduct include honesty, trust and integrity. While stakeholders and employees may be well aware of rules, abiding by them is another issue altogether. (Zenobank, 2008) The enormity of this matter came to fore during the 2004 business ethics disaster at that time, the company proclaimed that twenty percent of all the oil reserves that it claims to have a hold to were overestimated. The revelation of such a matter brought shock waves within the Oil trading sector and even resulted in the companys poor performance. In response to this issue, the company changed its leadership structures. This business dismissed its managing Director - Sir Philip Watts and also changed their management structures. besides this, the company also responded by providing opportunities for whistle blowers to report any irregularities through an official company website. (Beasnat & Cummins, 2005)BP also has a va lid code of ethics and its company purports to a sound code of conduct. However, much like its counterpart Shell, the company seems to have fallen short of these high expectations. An example of how the company did this was when it hired an costly public relations manager to create an Image of an

Dennett's Darwinian theory of human creativity Essay

Dennetts Darwinian theory of human creativity - Essay ExampleIt is a mere efficiency-enhancer, a composers aid to assist him all over the barriers of composition that is confronted by any creator. It is a modern extension of the ancient search vehicles. This is because it facilitated itself into an entire composer, combining quite a number of generate-and-test procedures as its competence grew (Dennett). According to Dennett, Deep Blue is used as example of an artificial chess player developed by IBM. Deep Blue beat Kasparov that predominate chess game for a very long period of time. This is because Deep Blue designs better chess games compared to any game designed by Garry Kasparov, the reign World Chess Champion.Dennett uses these examples to indicate that no matter how Darwinian or anti-Darwinian may view their assertions and experiments to be true, they are not. Dennett also uses these examples to characterize a joint suspicion between Darwinians and anti-Darwinians that def orms the empirical examination of creativity (Dennett). This was because Darwinians suspected their opponents of longing after a skyhook, an amazing gift of masterminds whose authority lacks putrefaction into mechanical operations, heedless of how complicated and informed by initial procedures of R and D. Anti-Darwinians on the other hand, suspected their opponents of desiring after an account of creative procedures that so reduces the Finder, Author, Creator, that it disappears, at best a mere provisional locus of mindless discrepancy application.When looking at Dennetts Darwinian possibleness of human creativity, it is apparent that the above examples are related significantly with this theory. While Darwins theory states that In order to make a perfect and beautiful machine, it is not requisite to know how to make it. Dennetts Darwinian Theory of human creativity disputes this theory by stating that it is requisite to know how to make a machine in order to

Tackling substance misuse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Tackling warmheartedness mis hire - Essay ExampleBackground One of the more pressing issues in health premeditation intervention is the issuance, administration or prescription of drugs for patients. There has always been a continuing challenge about dispensation, dosage, supervision, as well as effect on patient so that medical practitioners, pharmacists, and their team have to be wary of several considerations prior to any action that relies administration to the patient or his / her ready carer, or even in controlled setting. Reaction to drug or substance misuse vary leading to ideologically driven get alonges in medicalization, preaching, decriminalisation, and even use of the criminal justice for quasi treatment. Other propositions such as harm minimisation and harm reduction were to a fault considered with the understanding that use of substance is indispensable (Bevan, 2009). People with severe mental illness, group of individuals with complex needs and a varied range of problems are usually the concern for dual diagnosis and co-morbidity colligate to substance misuse or abuse. It was suggested that many problems related to substance misuse are linked to ill-prepared services that deal with these conditions. Bevan (2003) observed that Public Health treatment for substance misuse should understand that those who receive treatment are of chronic and frequently relapsing condition. Perception of treatment should move away from an individualistic approach to an understanding of the many and varied relationships as part of treatment rationale. Focus should also be given on minimising the harm associated with drug use. Prescribing policies for opiate replacement should also be considered instead of abstinence as prescribed doses of methadone have demonstrated positive results. The reduction in drug related deaths, as a result of the reduced frequency of accidental overdoses, and the wider population health gains when treatment and interventions are flex ibly delivered is further evidence that the health of populations can be meliorate with public health based strategies for substance misuse, (Bevan, 2003), P 19). People should not be seen as failures when relapse occur for substance misuse. Various conditions influence substance misuse and these should be taken as a whole and not in part to fully understand the patient as well as provide a more effective and holistic intervention approach. Likewise, Bevan (2009) noted that curing should not be the focus as an over emphasis on moving people on, through and out of treatment usually results in the revolving door phenomena. Substitute prescribing has been offered a possible solution to address issue on substance misuse. Engaging the individual as member of a wider society and members of dynamic social groups with families, friends and acquaintances should be a public health consideration in addressing this issue (Bevan, 2009). Substance Misuse and Problematic Drug Use Problematic drug use and misuse occurs when individuals experience a range of unwanted and ban consequences as a result of their drug use (Brown, 2007). Problems may be social, psychological, physical or legal resulting from regular or excessive consumption, intoxication and/or dependence on any substance. The National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse (2002) observed that these individuals often attempts to achieve stability or abstinence nevertheless relapse is usually a problem.

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Business Law Nike vs. Kasky - Essay ExampleNike is a multinational confederacy engaged in the manufacturing of athletic shoes and sports app atomic number 18l, which contracts Southeast Asian countries with cheap labor cost like Indonesia, Thailand, China, South Korea, Taiwan and Vietnam. Vietnam is the newest manufacturing facility of Vietnam. The complained stemmed from the paper of one of Nikes employees who alleged that Nike has poor working facility and violated local regulations by causing pollution which caused respiratory problems to majority of its workers. An investigator for Vietnam effort confirmed that he found truth in these allegations of widespread abuses by Nike. Nike, in its defense commissioned former UN Ambassador Andrew Young to make an item-by-item report and visit the factories alleged to be unsafe. Young issued statements in the media and wrote letters to newspapers by stating that the allegations against Nike were baseless, unfounded and untruthful. The p ress releases and statements conveyed that Nike was acting morally by providing humane conditions to its workers. ... The calcium well-made Court control in favor of Nike and dismissed the complaint for insufficiency of evidence. Hence, Kasky filed an appeal with the California Court of Appeal, which affirmed the notion of the CA Superior Court by stating that the statements of Nike falls within the scope of the core area of expression which is protected by the First Amendment (Goldstein, 66). The Supreme Court reversed the ruling of the California CA, by a vote of four to three and ordered that the case be remanded back to the lower court for further proceedings. The SC ruled that Nikes statements constituted a commercial speech and complied with the three elements to categorize the speech as commercial based on the following grounds speaker, mean audience and glut of message (Goldstein, 67) 1. Nike is a commercial speaker because it is a manufacturer to athletic shoes and spo rts apparel all over the world 2. The statements are made to a commercial audience, who are actual or prospective buyers and the press releases were intended to reach and influence actual and potential purchasers of Nikes products (Goldstein, 67) and 3. The content of Nikes message served as factual representations about its business operations in explaining the working conditions inside the factories and the labor practices/policies being implemented by the company. CA Supreme Court denied Nikes petition for rehearing while the US Supreme Court granted the petition for certiorari. The Court ruled to dismiss the case. c) FOR KASKY Nike commit false representations to the public by issuing misleading statements that its business was conducted morally and maintained a safe and secured

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DQ 2 & DQ 3 - Research Paper Example80). As such, this paper will discuss why it is believed that the process of motivation in this unit can help it to function more effectively.The morale of staff members especially nurses in the unit I worked for at Hospice was generally low. This was mainly as a result of the fact that they were not motivated and this is the reason why staff turnover was quite high in this unit. Essentially, the human factor is the most critical element that can contribute to the effectiveness and success of any operation. Through effective leadership, the employees need to be motivated so that they can put optimum effort in their performance. Basically, motivation is described as anything done or efforts made to encourage the behaviour of employees towards meliorate performance in the course of accomplishing the goals of the organization, (Omowumi &Osamede, 2011, p. B584). Motivation includes incentives, inducements and rewards that are often given to employees in the organization in a bid to boost their morale which in turn enhances productivity. This is an effective strategy of enhancing performance in the department rather than maintaining the status quo.The workers in this particular unit need to be motivated so that they can improve their performance. There are various strategies that can be implemented in order to motivate the workers. For instance, it is imperative to improve the working environment so that the employees can enjoy working in this particular unit. This can be done through creating and implementing a work culture that is inclusive and good-natured to different views of the employees working in the unit. This will help to create a sense of belonging to the unit among the workers since they would be treated as valuable assets. The other strategy that can motivate the workers is related to their involvement in the decision making process since this helps them to feel that they are

Urban Change and Conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Urban Change and Conflict - Essay ExampleIn a faultless world, the movie would exist uniquely as a representation of darker days long since past. However, Selma displays the evolution of urban change and conflict while gleaming a spotlight on the slow growth of that which has not changed. The movies story offers a blueprint not only on the past events, hardly of the way forward in terms of urban change and conflict. The movie Selma of course did not happen in a vacuum. The mass movement against Jim blow apartheid, for the right to vote and equal rights in public accommodations, had been growing for almost a decade, ever since the Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955. However, the early 1960s witnessed the independence Rides and lunch counter sit-in movement against separatism on interstate bus transportation1. This movement for equity and democratic rights was made possible by the postulate of the working class of the 1940s and 1930s that preceded it. The Urban crisis is jarringly evi dent in the shattered storefronts and fire-blemished African apartments in the movie. Rates of poverty among these black residents be very high. With a few expectations, most of them contribute witnessed loss of manufacturing job and the arrival of a low-wage service sector. Most of the streets that are revealed in the movie have ghettos that are characterized by extreme spatial isolation and segregation. This means that central-city residence, joblessness, race, and poverty were intertwined in the urban areas. It can be noted that patterns of racial and class segregation in the cities in America had continued and hardened. As evident from the movie, racial conflict and tension as a tenacious refrain in the population living in the urban areas. Discrimination by race and color was a key fact of life in the urban areas of America in the 1950s and 60s.

The Hotel Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Hotel Industry - Essay Examplethe customers. For any commercial organization it is then a people versus people equation for its survival. Unlike other(a) picks which an organization deploys people or its staff are live resources that think, have feelings, aspirations, motives and emotions which get nurtured, developed ,frustrated or stunted every now and then. No homosexual would be willing to work with frustrated aspirations or stunted and suppressed feelings. Thus it becomes incumbent on an organization to nurture and develop the feelings, aspirations, emotions of its employees. This is the traditional extend of the homophile resource management function in any organization. Present day literature, however lays more emphasis on strategic tender-hearted resource management wherein the human resource management function is aligned in such a manner that fulfilling human resource management function mechanically ensures reaching strategic objectives of the organization. In sh ort the human resource management function is woven with in the overall strategy of the organization. ... tivities that are undertaken consciously or unconsciously, internally or externally to an organization whereby human resources of the organization are developed and utilized in a manner to maximize achievement of organisational goals. One important precept of entire human resources management exercise is the recognition of the fact that the most valuable resource for any organization is its human factor it is the only live factor and thus the only truly mouldable factor. Therefore human resource management (HRM) is a term used to contain that part of an organizations activities concerned with the recruitment, development and management of its employees (Wood & Wall, 2002). Employee empowerment is an important piece of strategic initiatives in human resource management in any hotelling organization. dominance if adopted as a conscious strategy has important implications for emp loyee motivation, performance and the quality of the service offered by the hotel. This paper seeks to examine the issue of employee empowerment in some star hotels in Jordan in the back drop of a comprehensive literature review. The Hotel IndustryParks (2003) states with abundant clarity the role of human interface in hotel industry in following words, The hospitality industry is obviously customer-service driven. If your employees arent satisfied in their jobs, their unhappiness is bound to spill over into their attitudes and behaviors toward clients and guests. near hospitality positions require people to be in constant communication with the public while servicing guests. Because of this, employee satisfaction is vitally important to the success of your business. Everyone knows that it cost much more to hire and train a new employee than it does to keep an existing employee.

[Management Accounting] Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of Essay

Management Accounting Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of activity-based costing vs volume based costing dust - Essay ExampleThe outline is also accurate because it identifies products and then assigns to them direct and indirect costs. This means that ABC identifies the cost of producing various products. This then en commensurates companies to determine the products that are highly profitable and those that vex low returns (Kaplan, & Anderson, 2005). Organizations then decide to give rise the profitable products in large quantities and the less profitable ones in low or no quantities.ABC system helps managers in forecasting demand for their products and predicting sales using the companys capacity. The capacity of an organization refers to the ability of employees and machines to produce goods of a certain quantity. Organizations compare the products that employees and machines produce in a day and those that consumers purchase on the same period. If the company sells all t he products that it produces, it discovers that its demand is higher than its capacity (Drury, 2012). If consumption is less than production, companies, are able to tell that the level of demand is below its capacity. Organizations then determine the amount of output to produce using the comparisons.ABC system is vital in identifying uneconomic products and ensuring resources are used productively. According to Kaplan and Anderson (2005), activity-based costing system allows managers to eliminate costs spent on non-value adding activities. This provides greater visibility into business processes and operational cost drivers. better information visibility also enables cost managers to deploy quality-related initiatives by identifying and eliminating poor quality activities together and their cost drivers (Gilbert, 2007). This is beneficial to the company as it increases efficiency and profitability because firms concentrate on profitable activities and products.Setting an activity -based system is costly and time-consuming. Extra costs are caused by the need to hire the services of a adviser with

English literature paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

English literature paper - Essay ExampleA prudent leader, however, entrust be able to anticipate problems pine before they actually arise, using virt to forestall what would otherwise be great difficulties (Kemerling). Machiavelli describes a business principle here which I would utilize as a leader of an organization in the future in order to select among the best alternatives. Machiavelli through virtue is describing the business function known as forecasting. portent involves planning for the future by predicting future outcomes and choosing the best possible option. Virtue is going to provide lots of positive outcomes. By creating a clear comprehendible path the followers receive adequate instructions on how to proceed. Another quality of leadership describe by Machiavelli is the need for the leader to acquire a good reputation while doing whatever wrong see necessary in the circumstance (Kemerling).According to Machiavelli a good leader must be able to make touch decision an d always stand by them. For example in the future as a corporate leader I might have to make some tough decisions, I might be the person responsible for firing 3000 employees. If that is the best business decision that will bring the greater benefit for the company I have to stand by my action and show confidence in front of others when discussing this business inspire that affected the lives of so many people. Another important principle of management mentioned by Machiavelli is that the ruler will need the assistance of advisors. This principle can be converted in the 21st century as the need to work in team settings. In our society a good leader recognizes he / she can not do the work alone and participation of others is necessary. In our times a good leader also seeks the advice of experts in certain situations to gain ground better information before making a decision. For example when working on a project a leader may seek advice from an extracurricular consultant in order

Analysis of Performance Management Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Analysis of surgical process Management - Term Paper ExampleAccording to US subroutine of personnel management, Performance management is the systematic process by which an agency involves its employees, as individuals and members of a group, in improving organizational effectiveness in the feat of agency mission and goals(US office of personnel management). Simply put, performance management includes activities to ensure that goals are consistently being met in an effective and efficient manner. Performance management can focus on the performance of the organization, a department, processes to build a product or service, employees, etc (Performance Management -- Basic Concepts). Planning, monitoring, developing, rating, and rewarding are the tail fin major elements of any performance management system. This paper analyses how a company can use the performance management system to good effect, by taking the American company Macys as an example. (US office of personnel management) As in the case of many other organizational functions, planning is the first timbre of implementing an effective performance management system in an organization. At the beginning of each year, the Macys managers often meet each employee personally and discuss the strategies to repair their performances. During this meeting, the managers often take notes of the employee feedback and the explicate strategies to improve the individual performances. Macys know the difference in attitude and performance abilities of employees and give more attention to formulate strategies suitable for the individuals rather than groups. The Macys managers often inform the employees about the expectation of the management about their performance in the coming 12 months. Thus, the employees get a clear idea about what is to be done and what are the expectations of the management about their performances in the coming year well before they start workings for the coming year. Macys employees can submi t their suggestions to improve their performances during their meetings with the managers. Reviews are a critical component of the system. Reviews give timely feedback to the individual. It is important to schedule formal reviews during the bunk of the year. These can be half-yearly or quarterly depending on the need. Structured mid-term reviews enable the organization to take stock of the performance during the given period. It gives the individual an hazard to discuss his/her achievements during the given period and to look at areas of improvement. In a dynamic environment, it is important to keep abreast of market situations. Reviews can be utilised to make the midcourse correction (Does performance appraisal benefit anyone?) Monitoring is the second step of any performance management system.

Whatever you choice Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Whatever you choice - Term Paper Example every(prenominal) these were slaves but had different degree of privilege. The essay gives an account of how the Romans farmed.The main source of labour for the Romans was slaves. The slaves were acquired in three ways. First, through conquest in fight, this is whereby many landowners went for war and brought back captives (White 1). The captives were sold to other citizens or worked on the captures farm. Second, the slaves were bought from the market. Third, by birth that is children born by the slaves also became slaves (Phillips 221). As earlier discussed, severally slave had different degree of privilege for proper administration of the farms.Before the establishment of large farming, Romans practiced small-scale farming. There were different reasons for the adoption of large-scale farming. First, the wars brought a drastic decrease in free labor. Second, many farmers were ruined due to the devastation of Italy by Hannibal (McGeough 99) . After the war, the rich citizen bought the land and leased it to the organisation. The government use the slaves as their main source of labour (White 1). Due to the great competition, the small-scale farmers gave up. The rich farmers improved the fencing and drainage system for more productivity. piss was conserved by building of dams and cisterns. Trees were planted around the farms to act as windbreakers.Romans were among the first people to employ mixed farming. This is because due to the depilation of the farms they became infertile (White 23). Because of this, they used farmyard manure from the farm animals to keep their farms fertile. Where stock was non kept, farmers made compost manure using banana leaves, weeds straw and other rubbish, which do not decay easily. Although they did not have knowledge on nitrogen-fixing bacteria, they knew how to plant legumes (McGeough 97). They had mechanisms to test sourness of the soil though they did not have litmus paper.They emplo yed

Turtles Hatching Essay Example for Free

Turtles Hatching EssayEnglish Essay In the poems Turtles Hatching and The Pairing Of The Terns, Mark OConnor explores the idea of the circle of life and compargons spirit to human beings to show how much more evolved nature is whence humans are and also the experiences that we go through. OConnors use of visual mental imagery in Turtles Hatching not only tells us, but shows us about the life cycle of the turtlenecks. When the baby turtles are trying to get to the water the seagulls and channelise try and catch them so that they can eat them, which leaves only a few that make it to the water. Slipping in, as it left, the shadow, a thousand times larger, of a parent come shoreward to lay two ends of the earthbound process linked in the uncomprehending meeting of kin. This quote tells us, that when a baby turtle has hatched and made its way to the water to begin its life in the ocean, a mother turtle has come to shore to lay her eggs. I self-contained a living brother, hiked it over the rock-flats, (fighting on in my hand). Through this use of personal pronouns, OConnor helps us to connect with the environment he is describing. In this way, OConnor enables the reader to feel for the turtles.In OConnors poem, The Pairing Of The Terns, he links the terns to humans. Human lovers know it only in dreams, the wild mating escape of the terns. This quote tells us that human couples can only dream about what the terns feel when they are flying. When the terns fly they stay motionless in half gales then suddenly they plunge down and across the sky, their strong wings beating into thick vortices of the air. As much as humans wish they could feel supererogatory like the terns do when they fly, we humans can only dream about it. locked in pairs by invisible steel.In this quote, OConnor explains to us that no matter which way the terns move, they will always be together because they are so in sync with each other. Humans can never contract the same love that the t erns have, and OConnor hopes to evoke in the reader a feeling of wonder and desire. OConnor deliberately compares nature to human beings because it shows how different they are and that humans can only dream about what it feels like to be a part of something more evolved. The experiences that humans go through help to permute the way they view the life of nature.

Student Spending Essay Example for Free

Student die EssayAbstract We uptaked a ranked random try out to examine the hap physical bodys of a traditional bookman existence at one large residential university in a vitiated Midwestern town. Juniors and seniors worn out(p) more than than than underclassmen on deviation, aliment, frequent merchandise, and multilateral items. staminate scholars pass more on recreation (40 portion more) while females outspent males on books and civilise supplies. Off-campus residents spent near twice as much on recreation, as well as more on food and for general merchandise.Those consecrateing entirely their college expenses spent more overall and on general merchandise, food, and utilities. Students assumeing none of their college expenses spent slight overall and slight on gasoline and total miscellaneous items. Students who worked spent more overall and more in the following aras general merchandise, food, utilities, and telecommunications. We also examined bud get shares. Overall, books and recreation expenditure tend to be fixed as total communicateing increases, thereby reducing budget shares for these items.Women devote larger shares of their budget ongeneral merchandise, while men favor recreation. Students who behave none of their college expenses authorize relatively more on recreation and books. Working assimilators devote larger shares of their budget on rent and telecommunications. Non-working savants spend relatively more on recreation and books. These results should be interpreted with caution since they fabricate a case study and do not apply to all university settings. Introduction Spending by college students has been identified as an important component of total consumer spending in the United States.One marketing firm estimated that traditional college students, i. e. , full-time students enrolled in quartetteyear institutions, who represent intimately one-third of all students, spent $23 cardinal in 1995 on ess ential items such as rent, food, gas, car insurance, tuition, and books. An separate $7 billion was spent on nonessentials (Ring 1997). Spending by college students whitethorn be very important to topical anesthetic anaesthetic communities because many residential colleges are large relative to the coat of their host community.These colleges are often seen as important players in the topical anaesthetic economy with current spending and employment and also as capability catalysts for local economic development (Onear, 2007). Many universities permit conducted economic impact studies to measure the overall influence the institution has on the local economy (Bailey et al. , 2007 Beck, 1995 Eliot 1988 Felsenstein, 1996). What is sometimes underplayed is the role of students in determining the overall size and industry mix of the local economy.Local economic impact studies often use figures for student spending derived from secondary sources such as pecuniary aid emplacement es timates of the dollars needed by students for miscellaneous expenditures during the year. More precise information on the magnitude and pattern of student spending would improve the accuracy of studies of universities economic impact. In this paper we analyze the spending appearance of traditional college students, who account for a large assign of the revenues of many local businesses in smooth towns hosting residential colleges.Although total spending by a student is often less(prenominal) than that of a local resident, student spending is concentrated in just a few areas, such as entertainment and food and beverage purchases in stocks. In addition, many case sellers view traditional college students as a lucrative market since lifetime buying habits are formed in part during a persons college years. Spending behaviors established in college may continue through 2 transition phases single to young married couple, and young married couple to families with small sisterren at home (Wilkes 1995).Changing personal behaviors and societal trends have contri onlyed to the common perception of college students relying heavily on credit, obtained nearly with credit cards. The average college undergraduates credit card debt in 2001 was $2,327 and by 2006 had increased to $2,700 (Young Money, 2007) nearly one-half of all students had four or more credit cards (Hayhoe 2005). These changing attitudes toward the use of credit suggest that todays college students are belike to spend more than students in the past because spending by todays students is less constrained by current income and assets.This paper offers data to assess the accuracy of some perceptions about traditional college student spending and its potential impact on local economic conditions. We provide a descriptive analysis of the size and pattern of spending by college students at a single large university in a Midwestern small-town setting. The analysis focuses on a random sample of undergraduat e students (stratified by gender and class level) and their spending behavior in the local area while attending classes.Spending behavior across demographic categories (e. g., gender, class rest), housing choice (on-campus or off-campus,) and employment are examined. The results provide insights about the magnitude and pattern of student spending that would be helpful to college officials, community leaders, and local business owners in assessing the impacts of this spending on the local economy and local economic development.Survey Method and Data Many empirical studies of college students use of credit cards or attitudes toward money employ so-called convenience samples, e. g. , masss distributed in classrooms, dormitories or cafeterias (Davies and forage (1995) Xiao et al.(1995) Eastman et al. (1997) Warwick and Mansfield (2000) Roberts and Jones (2001) Kidwell and Turrisi (2003) and Hayhoe et al. (2005)).These convenience samples are non-random woofs from the student populat ion. Students choose classes for specific reasons and, thereby, self-select based on a set of personal and course characteristics. For example, survey answers from students in an introductory-level child development class are apt(predicate) to be diametric from students in a senior-level finance course. These samples create difficultys for interpretation of results and deflect inferences about the general student population.The nature and strength of these biases are ordinaryly unknown. Other studies survey a wide range of randomly selected students but obtain low repartee rates that suggest a potential unknown and unmeasured response bias (Medina et al. (1996) Markovich and DeVaney (1997) Hayhoe et al. (1999) Leach (1999) Hayhoe et al. (2000)). The sample data used for this paper was collected through a tele telecommunicate survey. Staff members of the Center for Applied Research and Rural Studies (CARRS) at Central Michigan University (CMU) helped to write the survey questio ns.The vertical flutes office used all undergraduate students enrolled on the main campus of CMU in the origin 2005 semester (a population of roughly 18,000) to provide a randomly selected list of students stratified by gender and class standing. We opted for a telephone survey since it assured us of a stratified random sample. Eliot (1988) concluded that responses by students to questions about their spending behavior are not influenced by whether the survey was conducted by telephone or mail. CARRS conducted the survey during one week in March 2005 using interviewers from two undergraduate social science research methods courses.The use of students to complete the interviews may improve the accuracy of the data as student reactents may be more relaxed and respond more openly to fellow students than older adults. Calls were placed to 2,250 telephone numbers, of which 880 calls were answered and 503 surveys were completed. The overall response rate was 22 shareage (503/2250), b ut 57 percentage (503/880) of the students who answered phone calls participated in the survey (see Appendix B for a full survey phone call report). The survey instrument was composed of four parts for four separate research projects.To reduce the length of the survey and avoid answerer fatigue, two parts of the survey were answered by all respondents while the other two parts, including our questions on spending behavior, were answered by onehalf of the respondents (i. e. , 251). Allowing for coding errors, etc. , our sample was reduced to 247 respondents. We believe this is a high-quality data set because of the stratified random sample selection process and the high participation rate. Most of the demographic harmonises required of a stratified random sample are met in the student spending sample of 247 observations.Table 1 (below) displays the demographic characteristics of our sample and the proportions for the CMU student population. Gender and ethnicity characteristics of t he sample closely correspond to the CMU population. The largest discrepancy occurs in manse, as the sample overrepresents on-campus students and under-represents off-campus students, as residency was not one of the target stratifications that were sought in the sampling process. Class proportions vary across the CMU population and the sample data. A clarification is in order.The Registrars office selected students according to the characteristics of gender, ethnicity, and class standing for the Spring 2005 semester, the semester that the survey was conducted. Figures for the CMU population in Table 1 are those report for the Fall 2005 semester. The wholly published census of the student population is in the Fall semester Fall student characteristics vary in a consistent pattern from the Spring semester. in that respect are relatively fewer seniors in the Spring semester as Fall graduation depletes thisclass and the proportion of first increases in the Spring semester since some freshmen harbort earned enough credits to move into the sophomore class.The number of freshmen, therefore, remains approximately the same in the Spring semester, while the total student population declines. The survey questions asked for personal information and the students typical local spending behavior during the months they spend on campus. Surveyed students were asked about the amount they spent in various categories in Isabella County (where CMU is located) when the university is in session (late August through mid-May).All the surveyed students were asked the amount they spend during a typical week in retail stores, and how much of that was for groceries. The students were also asked about weekly gasoline and recreation expenditures as well as the amount they typically spend each semester for books and other civilise supplies. Respondents sprightliness off campus, but not at-home with parents, were asked about periodical expenditures for rent, communication services (te lephone, local cell phone, cable television and internet access), and other utilities (e. g., ingrained gas and electric).Students were given the opportunity to identify up to two additional types of expenditures that they incurred on a regular basis and up to two out-of-the-ordinary expenses that had incurred during the previous semester. exclusively a small number of respondents reported any spending in response to these questions. 1 Table 1 Selected Demographic Characteristics of the Student Sample Variable Observations per centum of sample or specify value1 CMU population proportions or mean values2 Gender female 147 60% 57% male.100 40% 43% Class freshman 57 23% 27% sophomore 45 18% 22% junior 52 21% 20% senior 93 38% 31% Age 247 22 years 21 years Ethnicity white 226 91% 91% Non-white 21 9% 9% Residence on-campus 121 49% 33% off-campus one hundred ten 45% 67% W ith parents 15 6% Local in summer 62 26% Have car 205 83% Employed one hundred thirty 53% Work hours 130 22. 2/we ek College financing impart none 42 17% Pay some 77 31% Pay half 30 12% Pay most 38 15% Pay all 59 24% 1 represents the sample characteristics of the Spring 2005 survey 2 represents CMUs student census in Fall 2005.Table 2 (below) shows the general categories of spending that were reported and the corresponding average amount spent over a nine-month period for those students that reported any spending in these categories. The last category in this table is for spending identified by the respondent but not class in the other categories. The most commonly reported miscellaneous spending was for automobile fixing and services. Questions were asked about the amount and the quantify of spending since some spending tends to occur on a weekly basis (e. g. , groceries and gasoline).Table 2 think about Student Spending by Spending Category, 9-months Spending category Observations 9-month mean Percent of total spending Recreation 239 $1,406 23% Stores (includes food) 222 $1,283 19% diet 211 $842 12% Rent 109 $3,228 24% Telecommunications 103 $776 5% 87 $606 4% Books and supplies 239 $724 12% gas 198 $592 8% Miscellaneous 120 $559 5% 8 $2,415 1% 62 $601 3% 1 $315 0% 19 $1,826 2% Hospitals 2 $208 0% Child care 1 $4,610 0% Other nonprofit 9 $353 0% Religious organiz. 13 $587 1% State local govt 9 $725 0% Other miscellaneous 31 $774 2% Total one-year spending 247 $5,928 100% Utilities.Computer services Auto repair Recreation clubs Doctors and dentists Notes Only respondents reporting positive expenditures were include in the calculation of mean values. Total annual spending does not double-count food expenditures. Weekly and monthly expenditures were converted to figures based on a 9month calendar since most students reside in the local area only during the traditional academic year, i. e. the Fall and Spring semesters. Spending by students residing in the local area on a year-round basis was calculated as if they were 9-month residents to provide consistency in t he reported figures.2 A CMU Student Profile Since we take a case study approach, it is appropriate for us to provide a brief description of the CMU student population to aid in the interpretation of the results of our study. CMU is a regional universityone of 15 publicly-assisted universities in the state. In 2005 it attracted students from every county in Michigan as well as 47 other states. Ninety-eight percent of the students are Michigan residents, nine percent are self-identified as African American, Native American, Asian or Hispanic, and 99 percent are U.S. citizens.The greatest proportion of students (29 percent) resided in the Detroit metropolitan area as high school students. The legal-age for drinking alcoholic beverages in Michigan is 21 years. The typical CMU undergraduate fits the description of a traditional student (See Table 1 above. ). Most are full-time students who live either in residence halls on campus (freshman are required to live on-campus) or nearby (i. e. within 5 miles) in off-campus rental housing. Only six percent were identified as living at home with their parents.Most (74 percent) leave town during the summer months to return to their home town or other areas to find work or internships. Their mean age is 22 years. The gender distribution (57 percent female, 43 percent male) supposes CMUs academic traditions. CMU graduates more teaching majors annually than all but a handful of other universities in the nation and offers newer programs in health professions which attract a large number of female students. According to sample data, most students (83 percent) have use of a car, and about half are employed for an average of 22 hours per week.Thirty nine percent pay most or all, 43 percent pay some or about half, and 17 percent pay none of their college expenses. Patterns of Spending An overall description of the sample characteristics is provided in Table 2 (above). 3 Only students reporting positive expenditures were included i n the calculation of mean values. Most students reported spending on recreation, stores, food, books and supplies, and gasoline. Students living on campus were not asked questions about living expenses since rent, utilities and telecommunications expenses are typically aggregated into a one-semester housing charge.Less than one-half of the respondents reported any spending on rent, utilities, telecommunications, or miscellaneous items. The spending categories with the greatest mean values and widespread reporting of are rent, recreation, and general spending in stores (including food items). About one-half of the students indicated that they had spent funds on a variety of miscellaneous items.The most frequently cited items were auto repairs, physician and dentist services, and contributions to religious and non-profit organizations. Some categories of miscellaneous spending (i.e. , child care, computers and computer services, and medical care) had large mean expenditures among thos e reporting any spending for these things. However, few students reported any spending in these categories. Table 2 (above) shows per student spending for all spending categories.The student sample spends a considerable amount on recreation (about 23 percent of total spending) and most of their spending at stores (about 66 percent) goes for food items. Spending on non-food items, i. e. , general merchandise, is a modest $441 in a none-month period.In fact, students in the survey spent more on text books ($724) and gasoline ($592) than non-food items in stores ($441). Less than half of students pay for rent, utilities and telecommunications equipment and services, but these expenditures are considerable compared with other items of spending. Recall that about half the students lived in on-campus housing and were not asked questions about expenditures on rent, utilities and telecommunications. However, the overall student profile hides substantial variation in the pattern of spending across groups of students.Class standing clearly affects spending patterns shown in Table 3 (below). Perhaps first-year students have lower incomes from summer work and different lifestyles than juniors and seniors. Freshmen are required to stand on-campus, and many sophomores choose to stay in dormitories only 109 of the 247 respondents (44 percent) reported that they paid rent for off-campus housing and of only five of these were freshmen or sophomores. Freshmen and sophomores spend significantly less than juniors and seniors on a variety of items including recreation, food and non-food items from stores, and miscellaneous purchases.Seniors spend substantially more than underclassmen on recreation (69 percent and 95 percent more than freshmen and sophomores respectively), and they spend more than twice as much on miscellaneous items and general merchandise and food in stores. Some of these spending differences reflect Michigans legal drinking age of 21 and off-campus versus on-c ampus lifestyle choices. Table 3 Mean Student Expenditures by Class Standing, 9-month Figures Spending category Recreation Stores (includes food) sustenance Rent Telecommunications Utilities Books and supplies Gasoline.Total miscellaneous Total annual spending Freshmen n $1,079 $733 $512 $5,616 $1,350 $0 $686 $595 $462 $2,892 % 53 35% 47 21% 42 13% 1 3% 1 1% 1 0% 57 24% 34 12% 19 5% 57 101% Sophomores $942 $695 $468 $2,948 $495 $795 $700 $493 $217 $3,017 n % 42 30% 39 20% 34 12% 4 9% 4 1% 3 2% 44 23% 31 12% 23 4% 44 101% Juniors $1,358 $1,313 $908 $2,803 $608 $544 $750 $561 $487 $6,267 n % 52 21% 48 19% 49 13% 31 26% 31 6% 21 3% 53 12% 49 8% 29 4% 53 100% Seniors $1,833 $1,822 $1,114 $3,392 $862 $618 $682 $652 $1,014 $8,910 n % 92 20% 88 19% 86 12% 73 30% 67 7% 63 5% 93 8% 85 7% 36 4% 93 100%.Notes Only respondents reporting positive expenditures were included in the calculation of mean values. n is the number of observations. Percent is each categorys percent of total spending. A t-test for difference in mean values was conducted for each figure in the table. Italicized cells denote that the cells mean value is different from the grouped mean value of the other three classes and statistically significant at the 5 percent level. Total annual spending does not doublecount food expenditures. Another approach is to compare budget shares, rather than gross spending across categories.We know from Table 3 (above) that seniors spend, on average, $6,000 more than freshmen. But do seniors apportion their spending across categories in a similar manner as freshman, or do they have different spending priorities? The columns labeled percent represent a categorys share of total spending. Budget shares of categories associated with off-campus living clearly increase as students move through class standings since most underclassmen live on-campus. Two categories of spending, recreation and books, exhibit decreasing shares across the freshman-to-senior years.This suggests tha t gross spending in these categories increases at a slower rate than total spending across years. This trend may disappear if housing fees for on-campus students were added to their total spending. Previous studies indicate that gender influences college students use of credit cards and their spending behavior (Chien and DeVaney (2001) Davies and Lea (1995) Furnham (1996) Hayhoe et al. (1999) Hayhoe et al. (2000) Leach et al. (1999) and Xiao et al. (1995)). We examine gender differences in Table 4 (below). Clearly, male students, on average, spend more than women on recreation.This differential is substantial both in terms of dollars (i. e. , $1,821 vs. $1,289) and in percentages (i. e. men spend 46 percent more). Women spend more on textbooks and school supplies ($738 vs. $647). 4 Other categories of spending exhibit no statistically significant differences in behavior across gender at a 95 percent confidence level. Table 4 Mean student expenditures by gender, 9-month Figures Spend ing category Recreation Stores (includes food) Food Rent Store non-food Telecommunications Utilities Books and supplies Gasoline Total miscellaneous Total annual spending.Female $1,289 $1,350 $810 $3,341 $540 $662 $635 $738 $553 183 $5,599 n 147 146 144 58 146 48 58 147 117 60 147 % 23% 24% 14% 24% 10% 4% 4% 13% 8% 1% 101% Male $1,821 $1,234 $858 $3,100 $376 $536 $508 $647 $655 $293 $6,411 n % 100 28% 99 19% 97 13% 51 25% 99 12% 39 3% 47 4% 100 10% 82 8% 43 2% 100 100% t-statistic probability difference value in means 2. 59 0. 53 0. 36 0. 77 1. 29 1. 01 0. 92 2. 16 1. 40 1. 44 1. 39 0. 01 0. 60 0. 72 0. 44 0. 20 0. 31 0. 36 0. 03 0. 16 0. 08 0. 17.Notes Only respondents reporting positive expenditures were included in the calculation of mean values.n is the number of observations. Percent is the categorys percent of total spending. Total annual spending does not double-count food expenditures. Stereotyping and studies of student attitudes towards money and credit card use suggest th at women are more likely to shop for clothing or personal items and use credit cards to purchase them (Hayhoe et al. (1999)Hayhoe et al. (2000) Leach (1999)). Our data does not support that contention. A t-test of the difference in means for the category of non-food store spending yielded insignificant results a t-statistic of 1. 29 with a p-value of 0. 20.Several factors may explain our conflicting conclusion. One, our stratified random sample could remove response bias inherent in the sampling procedures of the previous studies. Two, if binge shopping is practiced by a very small percentage of students, then it will have little impact on our mean spending figures. Three, since our survey data relies on student responses, binge spenders may under-report spending either to hide their problem behavior or because they do not know how much they are spending. Four, maybe there is some credence to the stereotype of fiscally-conservative Midwesterners.Five, following stereotypes, it may b e that women spend more on clothing and men spend more on video games and equipment. Differences in budget shares across gender simply reflect differences in gross spending women spend a greater dollar amount and share of their budgets in stores (24 versus 19 percent) while men spend a greater dollar amount and share on recreation (28 versus 23 percent). Lifestyle choices may also affect the level and pattern of spending by traditional college students. Table 5 (below) provides a comparison of mean values for on-campus residents, off-campus residents, and those students living at home with their parents.On average, students living off-campus, but not with parents, spend about twice as much as on-campus residents on recreation and stores and nearly three times as much in local stores on food items. Although there are few observations for the category, spending by students living at home with parents does differ from both dormitory and other off-campus residents. This group spends mor e on recreation, stores, food and miscellaneous items than dormitory residents, but these differences are not statistically significant. Students living at home in the local area spend more than the other two groups on gasoline.On-campus students may spend on gas to intermittently drive home on the weekends while at-home-students are likely to drive to and from campus each day perhaps multiple times per day. Since this group tends to be underclassmen, the differential between the on-campus and with-parents groups may, in part, measure how much time on-campus students spend away from campus. 5 On-campus students spend a greater share of their budget on recreation (34 versus 19 percent), stores (29 versus 17 percent) and books (24 versus 7 percent) than off-campus students.The book share difference is drive by differences in total spending since gross spending on books in nearly identical. Although off-campus students spend twice as much on recreation and stores than on-campus studen ts, their shares of total spending are lower. Table 5 Mean student Expenditures by Place of Residence, 9-month Figures Spending category Recreation Stores (includes food) Food Rent Telecommunications Utilities Books and supplies Gasoline Total miscellaneous Total annual spending oncampus $1,024 $869 $434 no observ. no observ. no observ. $733 $476 $158.$2,634 n % 121 34% 119 29% 116 14% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 120 24% 81 11% 45 2% 137 100% offcampus $2,004 $1,802 $1,263 $3,689 $871 $578 $718 $651 $290 $10,353 n % 110 19% 110 17% 109 12% 110 36% 107 8% 105 5% 107 7% 104 6% 55 1% 110 100% with parents $1,706 $1,103 $748 no observ. no observ. no observ. $700 $864 $175 $4,123 n % 16 41% 16 27% 16 18% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 12 13% 14 18% 3 1% 16 100% Notes Only respondents reporting positive expenditures were included in the calculation of mean values. n is the number of observations. Percent is each categorys percent of total spending.A t-test for difference in mean values was conducted for each figure i n the table. Italicized cells denote that the cells mean value is different from the grouped mean value of the other two groups and statistically significant at the 5 percent level. Total annual spending does not double-count food expenditures. Students have different budget constraints from one another. Although the survey did not specifically ask questions about the students or parents incomes or assets, it did ask whether the student worked and what proportion of college and other living expenses was paid by the students.Answers to these questions can measure a students ability to pay, particularly for those items which represent discretionary expenditures (e. g. recreation spending). Table 6 (below) examines mean values for student spending based on the students financial burden for college expenses. Again, recall that those students living on campus were not asked questions about their spending on rent, utilities and telecommunications. Variation in patterns for these three spe nding categories in this table could be the result of the surveying procedure.Relatively few of the differentials in spending are significant at the 5 percent level in Table 6 with many of these occurring for the pay none and pay all categories. Those students who pay all have higher overall expenditures than the other groups (when combined) in terms of stores, food, and utilities and overall spending. The pay all category is likely composed of students who are financially independent of their parents and are working substantial hours to support themselves. They are also more likely to be non-traditional students having parental responsibilities and different asset levels and lifestyles.All of these characteristics contribute to a higher overall level of spending. Those who pay none spend significantly less on gasoline, total miscellaneous, and overall spending. An examination of sample data suggests that students in the pay all and pay none categories are substantially different in terms of work behavior and age. Students in the pay all category were more likely to work (61 percent of the group) than the pay none students (36 percent), and when they did work, they tended to work a greater number of hours 22. 4 versus 16. 9 hours. In terms of age, the pay all group was clearly older.The pay all group had some of the oldest students in the sample (i. e. , the oldest students in this group were 48, 40, 35 and 32), while the pay none group had fewer of the oldest students (i. e. , the oldest students in this group were 37, 24, 24 and 23). The mean age of the pay all group was 23. 5 years, while that for the pay none group was 21. 1 years. These characteristics suggest that more of the pay all group would be classified as non-traditional students. Budget shares for most categories of spending exhibit no consistent pattern in Table 6 (below).Two patterns do emerge, however those students who pay none of their college expenses tend to spend a greater proportion of t heir budget on recreation (29 percent) and books (15 percent) than students in the other categories, even though they spend comparable to(predicate) gross dollar amounts. Total annual spending generally rises as the proportion paid by students rises, with the exception of the pay-half and pay-most categories being reversed. The general trend may arise because both proportion of college expenses paid and total annual spending rise with student work hours and earnings.Another possibility is that with a higher proportion of college expenses paid by the student, there is less oversight of spending by the parents, with consequent upward pressure on current spending. Table 6 Mean Student Expenditures by Proportion of College Paid by Student, 9-month Figures Spending category pay none n % pay some n % Recreation Stores (includes food) Food Rent Telecommunications Utilities Books and supplies Gasoline Total miscellaneous Total annual spending $1,308 $1,096 $844 $2,866 $569 $572 $642 $462 $ 261 $4,423 41 29% 37 22% 33 15% 12 19% 11 3% 7 2% 42 15% 33 8% 18 3% 42 100% $1,328 $1,270 $722.$3,210 $814 $556 $747 $541 $492 $5,268 76 25% 71 22% 68 12% 25 20% 23 5% 20 3% 74 8% 59 14% 35 4% 77 100% pay half n % $1,483 $1,212 $780 $3,293 $503 $456 $688 $675 $346 $6,504 28 21% 28 17% 27 11% 18 30% 17 4% 17 4% 30 11% 26 9% 17 3% 30 100% pay most n % $1,192 $1,052 $885 $3,397 $1,170 $342 $674 $660 $565 $5,461 36 21% 30 15% 29 12% 16 26% 15 8% 13 2% 37 12% 31 10% 20 5% 38 100% pay all n $1,699 $1,584 $1,001 $3,254 $781 $847 $754 $665 $933 $7,953 57 21% 56 19% 54 12% 38 26% 37 6% 30 5% 59 9% 50 7% 30 6% 59 100% Notes Only respondents reporting positive expenditures were included in the calculation of mean values.n is the number of observations is in parentheses. Percent is each categorys percent of total spending. A t-test for difference in mean values was conducted for each figure in the table. Italicized cells denote that the cells mean value is different from the grouped mean value of the other four groups and statistically significant at the 5 percent level. Total annual spending does not double-count food expenditures. Table 7 (below) reports differences in spending between employed and unemployed students. Those who work spend more overall and in the specific categories of stores, telecommunications, and total miscellaneous spending.Using a 10 percent level of significance, one additional difference arises working students spend more on gasoline. To the extent that these students are living off-campus and commute to work via automobile, these spending differences are plausible. % Table 7 Mean Student Expenditures by Employment, 9-month Figures Spending category Recreation Stores (includes food) Food Rent Telecommunications Utilities Books and supplies Gasoline Total miscellaneous Total annual spending employed n $1,465 $1,506 $911 $3,308 $881 $657 $715.