Historical Systems of Power, Governance, and Authority Essay Example for Free

Historical Systems of Power, Governance, and Authority Essay A. The rise of new imperialism of the 19th and early 20th century involved Europe going into Africa. The causes of imperialism in Africa were partly due to the decolonization in America. The European powers were out political and economic gain by the United States gaining their independence. In 1876 European powers especially King Leopold II of Belgium, agreed in the Berlin Conference to split up the land in Africa, no longer invading to colonize but to gain political, military and economic power. The methods to imperialism of the African land were done differently, by each European power. The British who imperialized the cape of Africa used laws and indirect methods to gain power, however King Leopold II used extreme force to gain control of the Congo. The Congo was then ruled with strict political control and military force. A1. Between the years 1885 and 1905 more than 10 million indigenous people of Congo were murdered. King Leopold II used the natives as slave labor to gain resources such as rubber and ivory. Edward Morel an official that monitored shipping traffic started noticing that King Leopold II ships came back with tons of cargo, but little to no cargo was being sent to the Congo for trade. Morel soon put two and two together and realized the native people were being used as slave labor. In doing so Morel soon started to organize a protest. Other than the protest that Morel started the people of Congo were silent, due to many years of off and on again use as slave laborers. B. The Russian Revolution of 1917 was a violent revolution and in comparison to the Indian Independence Movement was a nonviolent revolution both had causes and goals that will be discussed. To begin, the Russian Revolution of 1917 was caused by food shortages and the peoples opposition to the  government, ran by Nicolas II who was czar. Czar Nicolas II had pushed into World War I leaving the people in Russia in anguish due to the many losses and economic downfall. This downfall came due to the amount of soldier and horses being placed into the war leaving the peasants at home with a loss of man power to continue a, standard of living( Causes of the Russian Revolution 2). Due to the decrease in man power, and materials to use at the home front, prices increased and a hunger endemic began. With hunger increasing and inflation of prices continuing strikes began, which eventually stopped transportation. When the transportation stopped supplies and food did not get to the soldiers at war decreasing the amount of people who believed in the czar. The goal of the peasants of the Russian Revolution of 1917, was to gain a new leader and for their voices to be heard. In March 1917, a riot of peasants, and soldiers stormed the streets with the support of the Duma, a group of government officials, forcing Nicolas II out of power. The Indian Independence Movement was a nonviolent revolution that gained Indias independence in August 15, 1947 from Britain, French and Portugal. The start of the revolution began in 1857 when Indian soldiers rebelled against the British East Indian Company when Indian political rights were not being honored, however British squashed the matter. Eventually, non- violent movements began in 1918-1922 when, suppression of civil liberties, political rights and culture, were not being recognized by the British (Sharma, S. (2010)). The movement was led by the Indian National Congress who were under the direct leadership of Mohandas Ganghi. The movement held a revolt in 1942, demanding that the British leave India, known as the Quit India Movement, due to the riot in Calcutta, Independence was finally gained(Sharma, S. (2010)). The goal of the revolution was finally met to gain civil liberties, political integrity and have Indian culture recognized. B1. The strategies of the two revolution discussed above include a riot in the Russian Revolution of 1917. In the riot peasants, soldiers and the Duma stood together to over throw the czar. In the Indian Independence Movement the strategies were to use boycotts and stances against the British force to  gain their independence. References Causes of the Russian Revolution of February/March 1917. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.johndclare.net/Russ3.htm Causes of the Russian Revolution 2 What were the causes of the Russian Revolution? (n.d.). Retrieved from http://europeanhistory.about.com/od/russiaandukraine/a/Causes-Of-The-Russian-Revolution_2.htm Hochschild, A. (1999). King Leopold’s ghost: A story of greed, terror, and heroism in colonial Africa [ebrary book]. Retrieved from https://lrps.wgu.edu/provision/17910385 Sharma, S. (2010). Civil rights movements [ebrary book]. Retrieved from http://lrps.wgu.edu/provision/8542979 SparkNotes: Europe 1871-1914: The Scramble for Africa (1876-1914). (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.sparknotes.com/history/european/1871-1914/section5.rhtml

Free YGB Essay: Deciphering a Passage of Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown :: Free Essays on Young Goodman Brown

Deciphering a Passage from Young Goodman Brown " Lo! There ye stand, my children†¦'" In the first line of this passage, the figure is trying to gain the trust of the people congregated around the alter. This figure, Satan, is standing before the citizens of Salem addressing them as 'my children' in order to lure them into a false belief in him as their savior. His deep, solemn, and almost sad tone commands sincerity and, seemingly, his feelings of sadness that their belief in God did not work out. 'His once angelic nature' is used to portray that he too was once a follower of God but also chose the road to evil in an effort to empathize with the people of Salem. 'Depending upon one another's hearts, ye had still hoped, that virtue were not all a dream,' was said by Satan to suggested he knew that some of the people of Salem desperately tried to believe that they could be saved and that there were another way other than through evil. Satan then cries, 'Now are ye undeceived! Evil is the nature of mankind.' This is to imply that he is wiping the sleep from people's eyes and it uncovering the truth- that evil is the only way- the natural way. Only through evil can the masses can be happy instead of through any other belief. He again welcomes the people standing before him into his evil kingdom through 'the communion of your race!' "Young Goodman Brown" is a portrayal of one man who bids farewell to his wife, Faith, to undertake a secret journey into the night. He sets off on his way at sunset into a thick forest to rendez-vous with an old man who is to lead him to this secret deep in the woods, the secret being a meeting to welcome the people of Salem to Satan's evil kingdom. Goodman Brown, throughout the story, is in conflict with himself as to why he is doing this. He tries to turn back many times but is once again drawn to this inevitable journey by the old traveler. Once he arrives near the meeting, he hears Faith succumb to Satan and rushes to be with her. Goodman Brown then awakes in the forest and returns to Salem. He sees the people who had attended the fiend-worship and can only think evil thoughts of them and their hippocratic ways.

Benefits Of Multinational Corporations Essay

Like any other multinational corporation, Acme Motors have been coupled with various economic implications and benefits to the foreign countries in which it operates. Acme is a motor vehicle company headquartered in Nuevo Laredo but performing other international business in Mexico, Spain and other countries. In the foreign countries, it has been involved in the manufacturing of motor vehicle engines above their assembly to complete vehicles. The performance of the company is usually fed by a number of comparative advantages which are implied by its operational capacity. Generally, the large scale capacity of the company has been a major advantage which the company uses to create economics of scale in its operational system through its broad endowed portfolio of technology. It has been able to successfully compete in the foreign international market which is highly competitive. The company has various artistic and management tools that help to impair the effects of foreign business culture which may lead to operational failures. It has a wide management support which compound the tools of research into the broad market and political risks operating in the foreign market which may bring operational losses. Either it has also used the tools of mergers and acquisitions to help prevent the negative impacts of foreign market infestations. (Skene, 1992) However, the operational portfolio of the company has been faced by the challenges of negative externalities of environmental pollution and degradation in the host countries. Basically, the industrial nature of the company compounds various environmental degrading facets which include resource over exploitation emission to the air pollution, water pollution and the general socio-economic implications which are of negative external capacity. However, the problem of environmental pollution and degradation to the company allies to been a fatal problem which has even called for various statutory control programs both by the company and the state government. Usually the tool of increasing taxation has been a subjective implication which has helped the company to change its industrial characteristics. Through higher cost levies by such foreign governments, the company has changed its industrial technology to more environmental friendly methods which cause less pollution. Generally, through such taxes, the government has then compensated the society for such environmental pollutions above supplying various public goods which benefit the people. (Wray, 1997) To the company, the tools for control of environmental degradation have posited various cost implications both in the short run and in the long run. Since the system for implementing environmental control has been achieved through change in modifying operation to capture more friendly methods, this has however been costly. Higher cost has had a negative implication to increases in the cost in the short run. However, increases in cost have been ransomed through the use of proper management tools which ensure a well balanced business management conceptions which continue to provide the company competitively advantages in the market. However, the long run cost has been reduced through higher sells achievements from the active product support from the environmental friendly consumers. (Snowdon, Vane, 1997) Generally, as an important tool, the environmental aspect is an important tool which the company and any other should apply in the international portfolio. The cost of environmental degradation is costly and would perhaps outweigh the benefit cost relationship which provides grounds for competitive advantage at the market. Either, it is important in safeguarding the broad interest of the society with which the manufacturing (industrial) activity is allied to. Reference Skene, G, (1992) Cycles of inflation and Deflation: Money, Debt at the 1920’s. Westport CT: Praeger. Snowdon, B & Vane, H, (1997) A Macroeconomic Reader. London; Rout ledge. Underwood D, (2004) Principle of Macroeconomics; Toward a Multiparadigmatic approach. Journal Economic issues, Vol. 38. Wray, L (1997) Kenneth Bouding’s Reconstruction of Macroeconomics. Review of social economy, Vol. 55.

Police Brutality Of Police Officers - 879 Words

Recently police have come under fire for the deaths of many unarmed African American males. This has broken the trust between civilians and police and torn our country apart. People are frustrated about the killings of unarmed citizens and how it seems every officer can get away with killing an unarmed suspect. Back in 1994 a law was passed that required the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to record date on police involved shooting and deaths by police officers. Except where are the numbers that would show there is an increase in unarmed African American deaths from police officers? The 1994 law requires the FBI to keep record of police shootings across the United States. However, the only police shooting records that could be found on the FBI website was â€Å"Justified Homicide From on Duty Officers from 2008-2012†. So the question becomes where is the data that proves there is an increase in African American deaths by the hands of police officers. With the recent outc ry of â€Å"Police Brutality† you would think that the FBI would’ve released records or started recording any and all police shootings. Experts say that we aren’t experiencing an increase in police shootings just an increase in media coverage of police shootings. According to a professor from University from Albany who teaches sociology says his research has found that major news agencies have elevated the coverage of police fatalities despite the decrease of police killings according to statistics. AaronShow MoreRelatedPolice Brutality And The Police Officer1772 Words   |  8 Pageslife was taken by police officers. He was shot 7 times, the last shot to the back of his head is what took this young man’s life. He was a young unarmed black male. Just in 2014 over 1,000 people were killed at the hands of police officers. 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Cases like Michael Brown, Eric Garner, and Tamir Rice are examples of police brutality. All three of these victims ended up dead at the hands of police. Statistics show that, just this year alone, 1,013 Americans have been killed by cops (Cop Crisis). Social mediaRead MorePolice bruality essay for college class i guess1365 Words   |  6 PagesPolice Brutality Police brutality occurs daily across America. Police brutality can come in various forms, counting lethal and nonlethal force. Comprehending the exact commonness of police brutality is complex, because of the inconsistency in describing police brutality. The trouble in differentiating among justified and unjustified force. Police interactions often can be misconstrued, or sometimes turned around against an officer. Questionable behavior and complaints against officers can be filedRead MorePolice Brutality And The Civil Rights Movement1738 Words   |  7 PagesWhile combating police brutality everyday, what really does matter? Despite, the increased attention and actions to remedy police brutality, police brutality is still a prevalent issue in today’s American society. It has sent critics on both sides of the issue into their corners, as no one really seems to have the answer. Maybe, the reason why police brutality has been so troublesome to alter is because the people trying to alter it are only targeting only the symptoms instead of the infection itselfRead MoreEssay On Police Brutality729 Words   |  3 Pages Imagine If you were a victim of police brutality and you had done nothing wrong or you didn’t oppose a threat to the officer take a step into the victims shoes. This Is a controversial issue because people around the world are killed or injured because of unnecessary police brutality. There are many reasons why police brutality is bad and how some people might think it’s ok to use police brutality. Police Brutality is a big controversial topic the first reason is, because there have been incidents

A Trending Lifestyle Cohabitation - 1522 Words

A Trending Lifestyle: Cohabitation Due to the shifts in people’s lifestyles, marriage has become less central in society. The traditional precept that a couple should legalize their relationship through marriage before living together has declined these days due to the transformation of people’s attitude and thoughts towards the act of marriage. As a result, couples who are not inclined towards marriage have turned to alternate courses in their relationship. One of the most common living styles most young people have chosen is the live-in relationship or cohabitation. It raises the question of whether this lifestyle choice is more beneficial to cohabiters rather than marriage. Although it is a trending lifestyle, the issue is still a social controversy nowadays. Although marriage has been a central factor and gives meaning to human lives, the change in people’s lifestyles and behaviors through a long period of social development has resulted in alternate choices such as being single or nonmarital living. As a result, cohabitation has become more popular as a trendy life choice for young people. The majority of couples choose cohabitation as a precursor to marriage to gain a better understanding of each other. However, there are exceptions, such as where Thornton, Azinn, and Xie have noted: â€Å"In fact, the couple may simply slide or drift from single into the sharing of living quarters with little explicit discussion or decision-making. This sliding into cohabitation without

Position Paper on Stem Cell Research free essay sample

Stem cell research is a vital necessity for the growth of humanity, especially when it comes to an individual’s quality of life. Due to the fact that stem cells have the power to turn into any different cell type in the body; they have the power to replenish other cells in the body, so long as the animal or human is still alive. When stem cell divide they have the capability of having a specialized function. These functions include: a muscle cell, a red blood cell, or even a brain cell. Stem cells, which are in the blastocyst phase, are able to generate replacements for cells, which could have been lost through injuries, diseases, and everyday life accidents. There is still a lot of research that has yet to be conducted but is hard to go through with because there is not enough funding. There are many ethical and moral reasons for this lack of funding. We will write a custom essay sample on Position Paper on Stem Cell Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, I believe that we are already â€Å"playing g-d† with all the medical advances. In addition, the basis of the medical field is to improve the quality of life. Many people don’t even understand what a stem cell really is and how it comes about and they are ready to disregard the idea all together. This is why there should be more educational services as well to provide people with the correct knowledge on stem cells and their capabilities. In my opinion suffering from various conditions such as AIDS, Alzheimer’s Disease, Diabetes, Heart Disease, Liver Disease, Muscular Dystrophy, Parkinson’s Disease, Spinal Cord Injury, and Stroke can be highly treated or even cured if stem cell research is conducted to it’s fullest potential. Also, if the embryonic stem cells would be thrown out anyways and not used why not just utilize its capabilities to help out the billions of people who are suffering with various illness and disease worldwide.

Statutory Interpretation Essay Example

Statutory Interpretation Essay Kamal McPherson Cape Law Evaluate the rules of interpretation which guides judge’s in the interpretation of statutes or acts of Parliament and the presumption they applied in this process. To gain an explicit and profound competence of statutory interpretation and rules of statutory interpretation, they are few key elements and definition that must be referred to these concepts. Statutory interpretation is a source of law, which means, where laws are taken from to aid in the decision making process by the courts, and this is how the courts apply and interpret the legislations or acts of Parliament within a situation or a court case. To aid in the Courts’ application of the law, rules of statutory interpretation have been created; they are literal rule, golden rule and mischief or purposive rule. These are rules used by the courts to interpret the meaning of an Act. They are necessary because the meanings of an Act can be unclear, among other things, and these â€Å"rules† are used to make a judge’s task of reaching a clear understanding of an Act, much easier. I must point out that interpretation by its very nature is creative and not something you can view with specifics and in one way but with the view of conceptualizing the dynamics that interpretation itself has. We will write a custom essay sample on Statutory Interpretation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Statutory Interpretation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Statutory Interpretation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The dynamics of legal interpretation are such that an interpreter must go from a general view of the statute to specific evidence and then back to the general view. As such, interpretation can be defined as the art or process of determining the intended meaning of a written document, such as a constitution, statute, contract, deed, or will. The interpretation of written documents is fundamental to the process and Practice of Law. Interpretation takes place whenever the meaning of a legal document must be determined. Lawyers and judges search for meaning using various interpretive approaches and rules of construction. Legal interpretation may be based on a literal reading of a document. For example, when john doe signs a will that names his wife, Jane Doe, as his Personal Representative, his intent to name her the administrator of his estate can be determined solely from the specific language used in the will. There is no need to consider the surrounding facts and circumstances that went into his choice. When the intended meaning of the words in a document is not clearly expressed and some form of guessing is needed to determine the sense in which they have been used, mixed interpretations can happen. In such a case, the words express an individuals intent only when they are correctly comprehended. If John Doe refers only to my wife in his will, the court will have to determine who his wife was at the time of his death. How a lawyer or judge ascertains intent when words are unclear is typically governed by rules of statutory interpretation. The statutes or acts of Parliament may part take of the general uncertainty inherent in the language. Some legislation is not easily interpreted nor understands because of the language construct it has been written in. Language itself is ambiguous. Enacted Laws, especially the modern Acts and Rules, are drafted by legal experts and it could be expected that the language used will leave little room for interpretation. But the experience of all those, who have to bear and share the task of application of the law, has been different. It is quite often that we find courts and lawyers busy in unfolding the meaning of ambiguous words, expressions and resolving inconsistencies. The age old process of application of the enacted law has led to formulation of certain rules of interpretation. Words in any language are not scientific symbols having any precise or definite meaning, and language is but an imperfect medium to convey ones thought, much less of a large assembly consisting of persons of various shades of opinion. It is impossible even for the most imaginative legislature to forestall exhaustively situations and circumstances that may emerge after enacting a statute where its application may be called for. The function of the courts is only to expound and not to legislate. The numerous rules of interpretation formulated by courts are expressed differently by different judges and support may be found in these formulations for apparently contradictory propositions. Language is not a precise tool. Reason being, words often take their meaning from the given context, words are an imperfect means of communication, words very often have more than one meaning i. e. they can be ambiguous, a broad term may be used in a statute which can give rise to confusion and uncertainty, there may be errors or omissions when the statute is drafted and last but not least new developments in society can make the words used in a statute out of date and they may no longer cover the current situation. In order for consistency in interpreting the meaning of legislation, courts use specific rules in order to resolve ambiguity appearing in statutes. Those rules are known collectively as rules of statutory interpretation. Different rules of interpretation may be applied and depend upon the nature of the ambiguity and the content in which it arises. They are three rules of interpretation that aid the courts’ application of the law, the literal rule, golden rule and mischief rule or purposive rule. The literal rule allows that the words and phrases in a statute should be given their ordinary and literal meaning and once the ordinary meaning is clear the court is obligated to apply it even if to do so would result in injustice. Judges may use the extrinsic aid of a dictionary to give words their ordinary meaning. Although there has been a general move away the literal approach in recent years, some judges prefer to start with this method and apply the ordinary meaning of the word wherever possible. A useful illustration of the literal rule in practice is provided by Baptiste –v- Alleyne (1970). The legislation under scrutiny in this case was the then Larceny Ordinance Act. The defendant was found outside a house with his hand through a window choking a female occupant. He was charged and convicted of the offence ‘†¦found†¦in a building with intent†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ a provision of Section 29 (d) of the then Larceny ordinance allowed that for a person to be convicted of such an offence, there be clear and unmistakable evidence that he has been, as the section says, ‘found in’ the building. As such Mr. Justice of Appeal, Micheal de la Bastide posited â€Å"he cannot in the court’s view be said to have been found in the building on a literal meaning or ordinary interpretation of the words of section 29 (d) of the Larceny Ordinance. Therefore in this case the appeal was allowed, hence the conviction was quashed. Analyzing this case we can see how the literal rule is use to the effect of the defendant because taking the literal rule ordinary meaning and assumption which exhibited that once the act or legislation is explicitly understand then the court must apply it, but in this case the defendant was found â€Å"outside† the building and not as the intended legislation remedy to which is found â€Å"inside† in the building, resulting the case being quashed. The second rule of statutory interpretation is the golden rule. This rule provide that if the literal and ordinary meaning of the words of the statute give rise to ambiguity, repugnancy, inconsistency or absurd results which Parliament could not have intended, then the judge may substitute a reasonable meaning in light of the statute as a whole. An example of how the golden rule was used to regulate the absurdity and repugnant result that would emanate from the literal rule being used is in the civil case of R v Sigsworth (1935). Facts revealed that a son had murdered his Mother. As such, the mother had not made a will but, as per rules in Administration of Justice Act 1925, her next of kin (her son-also her murderer) would inherit her respective possessions. No ambiguity in the wording of the Act, but the court refused to let a murderer benefit from his crime. As a result, the judge using his/her discretion to ensure that all is served in the course of justice held that the literal rule should not apply and the golden rule was used to avert a repugnant situation. The third rule of statutory interpretation is the mischief or purposive rule. The literal and golden rule determines what Parliament said. The Mischief Rule is applied to what Parliament meant. The rule was laid down in Heydon’s Case (1584) and provides that judges when deciding cases must consider three factors: * 1. What was the common law before the statute was passed. * 2. What was the problem or â€Å"mischief†, the statute was trying to remedy. * 3. What remedy Parliament was trying to provide. The mischief rule may be applied to ascertain the purpose for which the legislation was enacted, by going beyond the actual words used in the legislation. Courts are in a most difficult position in this regard as they do not pass the legislation which they are required to interpret and the court will strive for a sensible meaning to the statute where at all possible. An example how the mischief rule is apply in statutory interpretation is in the case of Smith v Hughes (1960) Prostitutes charged with soliciting on the streets contrary to the Street Offences Act 1958. Defence made that they were inside a building and tapping on a window to attract men (thus not on the street). Despite such, the Court applied the Mischief Rule and found them guilty because the SOA Act 1958 was designed to prevent prostitution. The protections which common law principles of statutory interpretation accorded to are fundamental rights and liberties. Among other rebuttable presumptions that Parliament did not intend to: * invade common law rights; * restrict access to the courts; * abrogate the protection of legal professional privilege; * exclude the privilege against self incrimination; * interfere with vested property rights; * alienate property without compensation; * interfere with equality of religion; deny procedural fairness to persons affected by the exercise of public power. The presumptions are that Parliament is supreme, the highest and of highest importance, acts of parliament should not apply to a dispute/alleged if there was no act in place at the time of its occurrence to make the dispute/alleged crime wrong, acts of parliament cannot deprive individuals of thei r constitutional rights, acts of parliament should not contrast Intl law. These are assumptions judges make, however, they must be examined within the context of respective cases. Judges operate on the basis of these presumptions to ensure accurate interpretation of law. Judicial discretion is inherent in statutory interpretation. The legislature cannot craft statutes to govern every (in) action. Thus, for example, a legislature may prohibit, without exception, the willful killing of another, entrusting the judiciary with discretion to identify exceptions, like self-defense, that existed at common law at the time of the statute’s enactment. Moreover, when a statute is enacted, the legislature knows that its chosen language may bear more than one interpretation, entrusting the judiciary with discretion to identify the correct meaning of that inevitably ambiguous language. For these and other reasons, judges must exercise discretion when interpreting statutes. The judges interpret the law, and they do this within the cultural context of respective societies. If for example, a strict or literal interpretation of an act may create civil disturbance. The judge will use his/her discretion to ensure that all is served in the course of justice. And the mischief rule as well as the golden rule give judges this discretion.