Policy Framework Development

demonstrationIn this essay, I volition discuss the welfare state since foundation War II and how it has impacted society in England and Wales. In addition, I will discuss the importance of social indemnity, how it was developed and the quartet nearly frequently utilise approaches. The ideas laughingstock these approaches will be explained and some examples of such policies in different fields will be succeedd. Overall, evidence will be provided on how social policy became rearingal discipline in its own right.The origins of the home(a) wellness ServiceOne of the nigh forceful social policies put into action in England and Wales has been the implementation of free checkup intercession for all, finished the National wellness Service. According to Alcock (2008), illness was real common and wellness oversee expensive before the National Health Service (NHS) came into existence in 1948. Poor housing, overcrowding, poor sanitation, malnutrition and lack of education were common, enabling the spread of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis. Life expectation was considerably lower, at a mere 60 years. During the 19th century, health care was provided through the workhouse, or municipal and voluntary hospitals. The rich were practically treated in their own homes or in a reclusive practice. A lady Almoner was responsible for(p) for carrying out a operator test, which determined who got medical exam treatment, she was also responsible for approaching charities for funding. (Alcock, 2008) The political theory behind the development of the NHS was to put an end to ignorance, squalor, disease and poverty, by ensuring health care was available to all. This include free treatments for all, a family benefit scheme and total employment. Although some sawing machine it as a politically risky move, superlative Minister Churchill gave his full backing for the NHS in 1943, thus starting the correct towards free health care. As Bochel reports Du ring 1944, dust coat Paper proposing a home(a) health service, and the election of a Labour governance in 1945 do the establishment of a NHS almost certain. The necessary legislation was passed in the 1946 National Health Service Act. (Bochel, 2009, p. 332).Finally, the NHS became a reality on July 5th 1948. It was an ample achievement only when due to the significant investment in conviction, property and resources, it was not met without opposition- this was a time when there were food and fuel shortages, as well as a dollar economic crisis. However, the general worldly concern wanted the new service to succeed, and as such Britain became the first clownish in Western Europe to offer free medical service, funded through the general taxation system. According to Bevan It was based on three core out principles which include it meets the needs of everyone, to be free at the point of manner of speaking and it to be based on clinical needs, not ability to pay. (National Hea lth Service History, 2012). These core principles sop up remained the same since the creation of the NHS (Bochel, 2009,p. 332).However, free health care as provided by the NHS proved to be very expensive, with the do drugs bill increasing from ?13 million to ?41 million deep down the first two years of its creation. Additionally, as medicine progressed as a science, new technologies and methods increase the cost of the NHS from ?200 million to ?300 million. The formulation of free health care for all led to overabundance demand, adding pinch to the already limited medical resources. The Government was reluctant to cover the excess cost, as it needed to invest in former(a)wise sectors, such as education. As a result, charges for certain work, such as spectacles and dentures, as well as for prescriptions were implement (Alcock2008).Neo-liberal ideology and the NHSIn 1979, when the NHS had been in perspective for several decades, a Neo Liberal Government was elected, with lit tle humanity for the state provision of welfare and the high level of expenditure associated with it (Bochel, 2009, p. 332). Neo-liberal ideology supports the reorganization of the financial and organisational aspects of health care work worldwide, based on the argument that the then-existing health systems had failed. According to the recommendation report in 1983, four major problems of health systems globally were i) misallocation of resources ii) inequity of accessing care iii) in cogency and iv) exploding costs. It was claimed that government hospitals and clinics were a lot in competent, suffering from highly centralised decision-making, wide fluctuations in allocations, and poor demand of workers (Alcock, 2008). Quality of care was also low, patient wait generation were pertinacious and medical consultations were short, misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment were common. Also, the general sector had suffered from serious shortages of medical drugs and equipment, and the purchasing of brand-name pharmaceuticals instead of generic drugs was one of the main reasons for wasting the square ups spent on health (Navarro, 2007). Private providers were more technically efficient and offer a service that was perceived to be of higher quality.Neo-liberal policiesExamples of policies implemented by the Neo-Liberal Government were those based on cost-effectiveness. Cost-effectiveness was presented as the main ray for choosing among possible health interventions for specific health problems. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were used to measure the burden of disease and thus deed overing comparisons between specific health problems. Greater reliance on the private sector to sack out clinical go was encouraged, with the expectation that it would raise efficiency. It was suggested that Governments should privatise the health care work, by marketing the frequent goods and services, buying the services from the private sector, and supporting the private sector with subsidies. In order to increase efficiency, unnecessary legal and administrative barriers face by private doctors and pharmacies would need to be removed. Neoliberal policies in healthcare were heavily criticised as they reportedly misdiagnosed the problems and its treatment, leading to a situation worse than it was before the policies were implemented. Shrinking from welfare state to minimum liberal state, retreating from most of the public services and letting the area to irrationality of market dynamics is making pharmaceutical, medical technology, insurance, and law companies the lead actors. It has been claimed that a system providing services according ability-to-pay rather than healthcare need, ensures decreased availability and accessibility to services (Danis et al., 2008 Janes et al., 2006 Unger et al, 2008).New Labour and the NHSIn 1997, the New Labour Government was elected, with a main focus to make a significant improvement on peoples health. Thi s was expected to be done by rebuilding the health services within the NHS through decentralizing of power and decision-making to topical anaesthetic health trusts. deconcentrate was important in order to achieve increased responsiveness to local health needs by widening patient choice, and promoting organizational efficiency. The profound premise was that decentalisation would shorten the bureaucratic hierarchical structure and allow flexibility for local trust managers and health professionals- thus improving organizational performance from the bottom-up (Crinson, 2009 p 139). In 1997 the Government put anterior its plans in the White Paper The New NHS Modern, Dependable (Blakemore 2003p 172). The objective lens was to rationalise bureaucratic control from the centre and restore autonomy to health professionals within the NHS. At the same time, the Government was determined to limit public expenditure by looking at what was already put in place by the previous government. One of the new Labour objectives was to reduce the number of people on the treatment hold list by offering patients greater choice of provider at the point of convict referral. This was put in place from January 2006 onwards, where patients have been offered a choice of at least four hospitals when referred for treatment by their general practitioner. In addition, a new inpatient adjudgeing system was put in place, where patients themselves could book their place and time of treatment (Adam, 2006). In 1998, health inequality fools were included in the public service agreements with local government and cross-de startlement machinery was created to follow up a Programme of Actions, which had the general aim to reduce inequality in terms of life expectancy at birth, and to reduce the infant death rate rate by 10 per cent by 2010 (Glennerster, 2007 p 253). Examples of health care policies implemented by New Labour are supreme waiting times for in-patient treatment six months by 2005 and three months by 2008 Patients able to see a primary care practitioner within twenty-four hours and a GP within forty- eight hours Maximum waiting time of four-hours in emergency rooms Plans to improve cancer treatment and health inequalities. In addition, in order to improve efficiency, two bodies were erect up to give advice and push for more consistent and effective clinical standards in determining the cost of new drugs and procedures. This was the National Institute for clinical Excellence (NICE) (Glennerster,2007 p 250). However, as argued by Peckham and colleagues (year?), the decentralization of the NHS had mixed results. They note that the process of decentralization was not clear and that there were contradictions, reflecting a synchronal process of centralization and decentralization, in which local performance indicators were centrally-set. If achieved, this resulted in increased financial and managerial autonomy. However, there was some supportive evidence t hat decentralization had improved patients health outcome, as well as improved efficiency in coordination and communication processes (Crinson, 2009 p 140). The Government at the time met its target for treatment waiting lists by 2000- the number of people on the waiting list had fallen by 150,000. However, one main criticism came from the doctors, nurses and other health professionals where they were the ones dealing with prioritizing patients based on medical need, whilst having to explain to other anxious and angry patients why their treatment is delayed (Crinson, 2009).Coalition Government and the NHSIn 2010, the newly established Coalition Government published the NHS White Paper Equity and Excellence Liberating the NHS policy, prepared by the segment of Health. This policy included important changes compared to those proposed by the previous Government, and reflected the aims of the Coalitions five year plan. Some of the proposed changes include i) responsibility for milita ry commission of NHS services shifted to GPs, as the Primary Care Trusts and Strategic Health Authorities were dissolved, and ii) posterior Trust status granted to all hospitals, ensuring increased autonomy and decision-making power. These reforms were part of the Coalitions broader goal to give more power to local communities and empower GPs. By way of estimation, it is expected that this cost to about 45% for the NHS management. Strengthening of the NHS Foundation Trusts in order for these Trusts to provide financial code for all NHS services was another objective of the reform. An independent NHS board was set up, with the aim to lead and oversee specialised care and GP commissioning respectively. The objectives behind the Coalition Governments plans was to increase health disbursal in real terms for each year of Parliament, with full sentience that this would impact the spending in other areas. The Coalition Government put away maintained Beverage idea that all health care should be free and available to everybody at the point of delivery, instead of based on the ability to pay. It was expected that this approach would improve standards, support professional responsibility, deliver better value for money and as such create a healthier nation. Although the Prime Minister rectified it in his speech, the Government failed to provide a clear account of the shortcomings of the NHS and its challenges. The preparation of the White Paper, which was to pass the alliance committees examination, saw more compromises. The elimination of PCTs was not foretold but the conservatives would make PCTs remain as the statutory commissioning authority responsible for public health despite their commitment to devolving real budgets to GPs. It was rumoured that the Liberal Democrats policy of elected representatives to PCTs appear weak. The compromise was to give greater responsibility for public health to local authorities and eliminate PCTs. This resulted in the formatio n of the GP commissioning consortia and the Health and Wellbeing Boards. Despite concerns raised by stakeholders, the proposals saw just a few changes. Maybe we can call it a missed chance in retrospect.ConclusionIn conclusion, it can be argued that without the NHS coming to force when it did at such a dire time after the Second World War, the already high mortality pass judgment would have continued to rise. The NHS was vital in changing peoples lives in England and Wales and close to the world. The system was designed meet everyone needs, regardless of financial abilities and without discrimination. Many changes have taken place since the birth of the NHS in 1948. Four different Governments accommodate the NHS with their policies and legislation. However, throughout its evolution, the NHS still provides healthcare free of charge, as was intended from its conception.ReferencesAlcock, (2008). affable Policy in Britain. 3rd ed.Basingstoke Palgrace Macmillan Alexion Pharma (2010). Politics and Policy Online www. email protected acquirable From http//www.pnh-alliance.org.uk/politics-and-policy/the-department-of-health-publishes-equity-and-excellence-liberating-the-nhs. Accessed on 06 Nov. 12 Blakemore, K (2003). favorable Policy an introduction. second ed. United farming Open University Press. Blakemore, K, Griggs, E. (2003). Social Policy an introduction. 3nd ed.England Open University Press. Bochel, H., Bochel, C., Page, R., Sykes, R. (2009). 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