Anatomy and Physiology Ch. 1 Study Guide Essay

Anatomy the study of the form or structure and governance of soundbox split and their relationshipsPhysiology the study of the functions of the form parts or structures and their relationships in conserveinglife processes.Levels of Structural OrganizationThe human body consists of levels of structural institution that be associated with one another.There are six levels of structural giving medicationI. chemical level It is the simplest level and it includes all of the chemical substances es displaceial for maintaining life. These substances are made up of atoms.An atom is thesmallest unit of matter. Matter is anything that takes up infinite and has mass.Atoms combine to form molecules, which whitethorn be simple orcomplex. distinct types of molecules combine to form oranelles (little organs). Organelles are unique(predicate) structures that carry out unique(predicate) functions.2. cellular level The cell is the staple fiber unit of structureand function and of life. Cells vary in size, shape, and function and may contain many types of organelles.3. create from raw material level Tissues are groups of similar cells thatserve a specific function.There are four major types of tissues in the human bodya.epithelial tissue It is found lining bodycavities and covers the surface of the body.It functions inprotection, secretion, and excretion.b. connective tissue It is found on the surfaces ofand in organs and tissues and functions in protection, support, and attaching organs and tissues to each other and to the protects of body cavities.c. vimman tissue It functions in the heading ofbody parts and organs, and in the movement of substancesthroughout the body.There are tercet major types of muscle tissue(1)skeletal muscle It is found attached to andcovering bones and it functions in bodymovement.(2)cardiac muscle It is located in the heartwall and functions in the contraction andrelaxation of the heart as it beats.(3)smooth muscle It is loc ated in the walls of inbred or visceral organs and it functionsin moving substances throughout the body.d.nervous tissueIt is located in the champion and spinal cord, and extends to various tissues and organs.Itfunctions in transmitting electrical or gist impulses from the external and internal environments to the brain and spinal cord where it is interpreted and a response occurs.4. organ level Organs are groups of two or more types oftissue working together to behave a specific function.5. organ strategy level sTstems are groups of organsthat work virtually together to perform a common function.There are eleven organ systems in the human bodyaog.h.i.j.k.integumentary system tendinous systemskeletal systemnervous systemendocrine systemcardiovascular systemlymphatic systemrespiratory systemdigestive systemurinary systemreproductive system6. organismal level It is the highest level of structuralorganization and it consists of groups of organ systems working together to main tain body structure and function. Organ systems work together to maintain an internal environment that is fairly constant, stable, or balanced. This is referred to as homeostasis (to stay the same). Changes do occur, but within very narrow ranges or limits.HomeostasisBody parts or structures function efficiently in maintaining metabolic processes and when the survival unavoidably are within certain limits or optimum levels.The survival needfully includewater,oxyqen, nutrients, an appropriate bod temperature, and atmospheric pressure. Water is necessary for chemical reactions, excretion, and secretion.Oxyqen is required for many of the metabolicreactions that break down nutrients and earmark energy. Nutrients provide energy for cells and cell processes. Bod temperature must be maintained within a certain range for chemical reactions and cell processes to perform efficiently.If the body temperature falls too low or increases too high, chemical reactions go away slow down or may s top. Atmospheric pressure is the office of air on the body surface by the weight of air. It is substantial in breathing and in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs. To maintain homeostasis there are control mechanisms. Control mechanisms consist of three partsi. receptor It responds to sensory stimulifrom theinternal and external environments. The information is sent along afferent pathways to the control center.2. control center It consists of the brain and spinal cord which interpret and analyze the information and determine an appropriate response. nurture is then sent along efferentpathways to the effector.3. effector It consists of tissues, organs, or glands that perform a motor response to the original remark that was received by the receptor. The response involves a feedback mechanism. If the response slows down or inhibit the stimulus it is a neqative feedback mechanism. If the response speeds up or enhances the stimulus, it is a positive feedback mec hanism. most(prenominal) controlmechanisms for homeostasis in the human body are negative feedback mechanisms.